The Importance of Budgeting and Long Range Financial Goals :: essays papers

The Importance of Budgeting and Long Range Financial GoalsMe, being a financial breakaway have experienced first hand how important it is to have got a financial plan. Using a financial plan I have elevated my savings abilities a long way. Knowing where each long horse is being spent helps the spender to manage each dollar in an uplifting way. In a ten-year plan my goal would have to be to retain at least twelve hundred dollars a year which would one hundred dollars each month of that financial plan. Using the persona financial indite assigned by you at the beginning of the year this long-term goal would be likely.Being in college, managing money is very important. Keeping a portfolio and an fib of all money spent is a very important step in my keeping my financial situation in good terms. Becoming in debt is another concern of mine. Debt includes, credit cards loans, store credits accounts, or any other form of borrowing money. A large amount of students go the mistake o f purchasing things that they have no money for. This is why credit is so bad for students. A personal financial plan is only possible if the independent is focused on what he or she is doing. You have to account for each dollar and not cheat yourself. The importance of budgeting all depends on the independent. If the independent is focused on saving and accounting for their money then it will work It is needed in each college students life. Being in college makes it extra difficult to decipher what you are doing with your money. A greater percentage of students that have used this type of financial program have been successful quite a than those, which dont account for the money that they spend. Having a long-range financial goal can help you all throughout life.

Reasons for Napoleons Defeat :: European Europe History

Reasons for cat sleeps DefeatThe incline of 1812 should have been a another shake up for Napoleon, but he now faced 2 new policies that he had neer faced before, the severe Russian spend and the notorious scorched-earth policy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleons Grande Armee, everyplace 500,000 men strong, poured over the Russian border. An equal amount of Russian forces awaited them. The prove of the campaign was a surprise. Two authors, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, show similarities in reasons why Napoleon had lost this campaign to Russia.Napoleon believed that after a few mobile victorious battles, he could convince Alexander to return to the Continental System. He also decided that if he occupy Moscow, the Russian government would crumple and postulate for peace. A single blow delivered at the heart of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will instantly put this whole blind, so-so(p) mass at my mercy. pg 6, 1812 Napoleons Defeat in Russi aThis was his belief he evince in March 1812. However, when Napoleon eventually took over Moscow, the Tsar still did not surrender. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, demanding a immediate surrender. However, the Tsar could not surrender because if he did, he would be assassinated by the nobles. Clausewitz replies by saying, Napoleon was unable to grasp the fact that Alexander would not, could not negotiate. The Tsar knew hearty that he would be disposed and assassinated if he tried so. pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 in RussiaGeneral Clausewitz said, Napoleon believed if he defeated the Russian Army and occupied Moscow, the Russian leadership will fall apart and the government would call for peace. pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also agreed that Napoleons stage business had no result. The occupation of Napoleon in Moscow did not have a effect on the government. Pg 13, 1812 Napoleons Defeat in RussiaWith his battle plan set, Napoleon prepared his parade for the attack on Russia. But, Napoleon did not consider the fierce Russian winter which awaited him. According to Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a onlooker, he described the army by saying, The French, down to the lowliest drummer were very fastidious. These poor French devils were not satisfied with less than soup, centre and vegetables, roast, and salad for their midday meal, and there was no sign of their famous frugality.Reasons for Napoleons Defeat European Europe HistoryReasons for Napoleons DefeatThe Campaign of 1812 should have been a another crusade for Napoleon, but he now faced 2 new policies that he had never faced before, the severe Russian winter and the notorious scorched-earth policy. On June 23, 1812 Napoleons Grande Armee, over 500,000 men strong, poured over the Russian border. An equal amount of Russian forces awaited them. The result of the campaign was a surprise. Two authors, General carl von Clausewitz and Brett James, show similarities in reasons why N apoleon had lost this campaign to Russia.Napoleon believed that after a few quick victorious battles, he could convince Alexander to return to the Continental System. He also decided that if he occupied Moscow, the Russian government would crumple and ask for peace. A single blow delivered at the heart of the Russian Empire, at Moscow the Great, at Moscow the Holy, will instantly put this whole blind, apathetic mass at my mercy. pg 6, 1812 Napoleons Defeat in RussiaThis was his belief he expressed in March 1812. However, when Napoleon eventually took over Moscow, the Tsar still did not surrender. Napoleon, sent a message to the Tsar, demanding a immediate surrender. However, the Tsar could not surrender because if he did, he would be assassinated by the nobles. Clausewitz replies by saying, Napoleon was unable to grasp the fact that Alexander would not, could not negotiate. The Tsar knew well that he would be disposed and assassinated if he tried so. pg 256, The Campaign of 1812 i n RussiaGeneral Clausewitz said, Napoleon believed if he defeated the Russian Army and occupied Moscow, the Russian leadership will fall apart and the government would call for peace. pg 253, The Campaign of 1812 in Russia Brett James also agreed that Napoleons occupation had no result. The occupation of Napoleon in Moscow did not have a effect on the government. Pg 13, 1812 Napoleons Defeat in RussiaWith his battle plan set, Napoleon prepared his troops for the attack on Russia. But, Napoleon did not consider the fierce Russian winter which awaited him. According to Ludwig Wilhelm Gottlob Schlosser, a onlooker, he described the army by saying, The French, down to the lowliest drummer were very fastidious. These poor French devils were not satisfied with less than soup, meat and vegetables, roast, and salad for their midday meal, and there was no sign of their famous frugality.

Intelligent Design of the Universe Essay -- Religion Science Creationi

Intelligent Design of the UniverseThe search for knowledge about the origin of humanity is as old as its inhabitants. Since the early 1800s mankind has change the debate to creation by a Supreme Being and the theory of development. Ever since then, science has been at odds against religion. Now it appears that science is returning to religion. Scientists be finding proof that the universe was created by a Supreme Being.The word evolution refers to the change of something over a period of time(Websters 634). In biology, the theory of evolution is the complex of processes by which living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function(Valentine). This theory proposes that amidst 4 million and 10 million historic period ago, either organisms on earth had a common ancestor and that through a process of evolution, all living organisms descended from this common ancestor(Coyne).Chevalier de Lamarck, a French naturali st proposed a theory of evolution in 1809. His idea did not get much scientific consideration until Charles R. Darwin announced his theory of evolution(Coyne). Darwin published his most famous book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection(Valentine) in 1859. Darwin stated that event resemble their parents, yet they are not exactly identical to them. He in addition noted that some of these differences were not effects of their environment, but actually were passed quite a little from parents to children(Valentine). Darwin is the most well known scientist to write on evolution.There are many different variations on the theory of evolution. Darwin states that natural selection is the main sympathy for the evolution of life. The fight for food, water and other necessities benefits those creatures who are well adapted for the struggle. Those that cannot survive, die with no offspring to continue their genetic line. Natural selection is also called survival of the fitte st. Another related idea to evolution is gradualism. Gradualism is the idea that evolutionary changes do not occur suddenly but over large amounts of time, ranging from decades to millions of years(Coyne). Genetic drift is another way that scientists define evolution. When two of a species mate, their offspring gets 23 chromosomes from both parents. When a gene does not split and cartel correctly, a mutation oc... ... of God. National Review May 6,199628-32.Limbaugh, Rush. The Way Things Ought to Be. New YorkPocket Books, 1992.Miller, Kenneth R. Lifes Grand Design. Technology Review. Feb./March 199424-32CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Life Science. Article 59Sagan, Carl. Snowflakes move on the Hearth The Evolution of the Earth. Planetary Report. Jan./Feb. 19934-9CD-ROM. 1996 SIRS. SIRS 1994 Earth Science. Article 53Schneider, E.D, Kay, J.J. Life as a Manifestation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Mathematical and figurer Modelling 1994 25-48.Suits, Conrad. The Role of the Horses in A Voyage to the Houyhnhnms. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New YorkChelsea. 116-125Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. New YorkPenguin,1960.Valentine, James W. Evolution. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp1994Vawter, Rev. Bruce. Creation. Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft Corp1994Websters New Twentieth Century Dictionary. Second Edition. 1983Williams, Kathleen. living organism Rationis Capax. Modern Critical Interpretations, Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels. Ed. Harold Bloom. New YorkChelsea. 37-82

Electronic Communication and the Negative Impact of Miscommunication Es

Electronic communication theory, improve efficiency and productivity, but poorly written emails washbowl cause internal strife, low morale, and loss of clients. Effective written communication will enhance internal communications as well as out-of-door communications. The ability to write effectively is a core skill that all employees, no matter what their title is, should master. If the content of an email is unclear, grammatically incorrect or is full of typos, the email will cause misunderstandings and the possible loss of business. A chain reaction of emails or letters will occur, questioning the next course of action and clients will undoubtedly believe that we will treat them with the same carelessness we took in creating that correspondence. Case in point, a letter was recently send to one of our clients misquoting our fees, a second letter was sent to the client correcting the fee, but was addressed to the wrong person. We have since lost this client. Jonathan Hershberg, president of Opus Associates, a communications training developer based in New York, states, If I get an e-mail thats full of errors and I know nothing else about you, Hershberg says, theres no reason for me not to think youll handle my business in the same way you handled that pen. (Moerke, A, 2004) We have seen an example of this kind of writing. A benefit distribution memo was created for the wife of a deceased participant. The salutation of the letter addressed the deceased, not the wife. Correspondences regarding death benefits require special attention. Correspondence should never be addresses to the deceased. All writers should use the method of prewriting, brainstorming, writing and organizing, revising for style, and proofreading to produce memos, letters, emails, and reports The suggested percentage of time spent on each writing step is as follows (Jaderstrom, Miller, and Office Pro June 2004)Prewriting 12.5%Brainstorming 25.0%Writing and organizing 25.0% rewriting for s tyle 25.0%Proofreading 12.5%Emails are less formal then letters or memorandums and the authors of emails tend to abbreviate words and use slang to get his or her consequence across quickly. This may be acceptable for communication inside the company, but it will confuse external clients. John Patrick, President of Attitud... ...ding and spellchecking the content before direct to our internal or external clients. The clients will notice the change in the professionalism of our writing. Overall, the outcome can only benefit the company and its employees. ReferencesCrainer, Stuart, Dearlove, Des, Across the Board (2004) qualification yourself Understood The New Language of Business, 41, Issue 3, Retrieved folk 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost databaseJaderstrom, Susan, Miller, Joanne, Office Pro (2004) - Writing with Purpose Business Source Premier , 64, Issue 5 Retrieved family line 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost databaseMoerke, Amy, (2004) Business Writing Brushup Sales & Marketing Ma nagement, 156, Issue 5 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost databaseShea, Gordon F, Training & Development, (1992) A Case for Clear Writing, 46 Issue 1, p63, Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost databaseHudson Valley Business Journal (2001) Email underlines need for better business writing skills,. 11, Issue 26 Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost databaseReed Business Information Ltd. military force Today, (2004), p18, 2p Retrieved September 28, 2004 from the EBSCOhost database

Fight :: essays papers

Fight At a huge party in Long Beach Island, locals show up at the party. The house is small, notwithstanding it has a front lawn that is a nice size to throw a party. The house and lawn is surrounded by a vie that is sharp at the top to prevent anyone from climbing over it easily. The house is between several other houses that are owned by families. The party is cosmos thrown by kids that only go there for the summers. There is high tension between the locals and the summer kids. Therefore, when the locals showed up, the summer kids immediately threw them give away. They were all talking about the incident and laughing. However, it was not over with. The locals came back with more numbers to start a fight.Act IScene 1 The scene begins with three car loads of local kids pulling up to the house. Jason Gorski, Jeff Storms, Eddie Frost, Rich Mickens, Rob Philops, and Jake Collins are the tough guys that are at the party. The rest of the party is compiled of sailors and girls. The six fool them getting out of there cars and start walking fast over to greet them. Jeff (As he walks counts how many there are. He finds there are tumefy over twelve of them and only six of them, so he makes a strategy of taking as many as he can out quickly.) Rob (He clenches his fists as he walks, getting pumped up.)Jake He waits behind the rest because he is not too sure what is to come.Jason (He is behind the rest with Jake, but doesnt want to miss any action, so he speeds up to the front.)Jeff (He goes directly up to one of the locals and head buts him.) The kids nose busts open and blood is poring everywhere. Jeff must have broken the kids nose.Jeff (After he head buts the one kid, he takes another kid down to the ground with a head in the chest trope leg. He repeatedly punched the kid in the face.)The kid was bleeding harshly from his face.Jason (He walks up to one of the guys and just starts hitting him in the face.

Fight :: essays papers

Fight At a huge political party in Long Beach Island, locals take up at the party. The house is small, but it has a front lawn that is a nice size to throw a party. The house and lawn is surrounded by a fence that is sharp at the top to prevent anyone from climbing over it easily. The house is between several other houses that be owned by families. The party is being thrown by kids that only go there for the summers. There is high tension between the locals and the summer kids. Therefore, when the locals showed up, the summer kids immediately threw them out. They were all public lecture about the incident and laughing. However, it was not over with. The locals came back with more numbers to start a fight.Act IScene 1 The scene begins with trine car loads of local kids pulling up to the house. Jason Gorski, Jeff Storms, Eddie Frost, Rich Mickens, Rob Philops, and Jake Collins are the tough guys that are at the party. The correspondence of the party is compiled o f sailors and girls. The sestet see them getting out of there cars and start walking fast over to greet them. Jeff (As he walks counts how many there are. He finds there are well over twelve of them and only six of them, so he makes a strategy of taking as many as he spate out quickly.) Rob (He clenches his fists as he walks, getting pumped up.)Jake He waits behind the rest because he is not too sure what is to come.Jason (He is behind the rest with Jake, but doesnt want to miss any action, so he speeds up to the front.)Jeff (He goes directly up to one of the locals and head buts him.) The kids nose busts open and beginning is poring everywhere. Jeff must have broken the kids nose.Jeff (After he head buts the one kid, he takes another kid down to the ground with a head in the toilet table double leg. He repeatedly punched the kid in the face.)The kid was bleeding harshly from his face.Jason (He walks up to one of the guys and just starts hitting him in the face.

The evolution of management accounting

This paper starts with introducing vastness of instruction accountancy literature and reviews the historical growth of woo account from 1850 through 2000, includes origin of focusing method of accounting and controlling coiffes. In addition it identifies the watchfulness accounting conjectural increase, and the main critiques that shapes the development of attention accounting, thus creating a ground for future research or reviews.As good as it presents ch in allenge existed in the field and concludes by advocating field- found research to discover the progressive ractices being introduced by plaques successfully adapting to the new nerve and technology of manufacturing. 1. Introduction 1. 1 Importance of knowing the literature A wealth of literature exists regarding the historical development and phylogeny of management accounting so accountants have many reasons to study this literature. It helps them to understand the sources of many of todays practices it leads to rediscovery of old ideas that have been lost.It enables one to support object with past writings quoting from an important bend and can help them to sell a proposal or ive credence to an idea. As with study of any literature, it provides accountants with opportunities to meliorate their verbal abilities, both written and oral and familiarizes accountants with the intellectuals and innovators who have shaped how account proactive their profession in addition it illustrates the state of the professionalism of the field and leads them to an aw arness of the controversial topics in the field.In addition to the financial warmheartednessmaries, the railroads developed a dodging of reporting operating statistics for evaluating and con-trolling the mental process of their sub-units. Statistics such as apostrophize per ton-mile and the operating ratio (operating in-come divide by sales) were routinely reported for various sub-units and classes of service. Later in the 1880s, the n ewly organize mass distribution Chandler, 1977, Chapter 7(cited on R. kaplan1984) and mass production enterprises adapted the inner accounting reporting systems ot the railroads to their own organizations.The nationwide wholesale and retail distributors produced highly detailed data on sales turnover by department and by geographic area, generating motion reports very similar to those that would be sed 100 years former(a)r to monitor the exploit of revenue centers in the firm. Mass production enterprises formed in the 1880s for the manufacture of tobacco products, matches, detergents, photographic film, and flour. Most important was the emergence of the metal-making and fabricating industries.Andrew Carnegies steel company was a particularly good example of the importance of appeal accounting information for managing the enterprise. Shinns the general managers major achievement was the development of statistical data needed for coordination and control. Shinn did this in part by introducing the voucher system of ac-counting hich though it had long been used by railroads was non yet in general use in manufacturing concerns. By this manner, to for each one one department listed the amount and salute of materials and labor used on each order as it passed through the sub-unit.Such information per-mitted Shinn to send Carnegie monthly statements and, in time, even daily ones providing data on the be of ore, limestone, coal, coke, pig iron, Spiegel, molds, refractoriness, repairs, fuel, and labor for each ton of rails produced. These price sheets were called marvels of ingenuity and careful accounting. These cost sheets were Carnegies primary instrument of control. Costs ere Carnegies obsession. Carnegie voiceless . .. on the cost side of the operating ratio, comparing current be of each operating unit with those of previous months, and where possible, with those of other enterprises.These controls were put togetherive.. The minutest details of cost of materials and labor in every department appeared from day to day and week to week in the accounts and soon every man about the place was make to realize it. The men felt and practically remarked that the eyes of the company were always on them through the books. In addition to using their cost sheets to evaluate the performance of department anagers, foremen and men, Carnegie, Shinn and Jones relied on them to check the quality and mix of raw materials.They used them to evaluate improvements in process and in product and to make decisions on develop by-products. In pricing, particularly non standardized items like bridges, cost-sheets were invaluable. The company would not accept a contract until its cost were carefully gauged Chandler, 1977, pp. 267-268 (cited on R kaplan1984). Interestingly, the development of these enlarge cost reporting and estimation schemes by the 1880s focused exclusively on propose labor and materials, what we call today prime or direct costs hat is , little attention was paying to overhead and capital costs.Carnegies concern was almost wholly with prime costs. He and his associates appear to have paid almost no attention to overhead and depreciation. This too reflected on the railroad experience. As on the railroads, administrative over-head and sales expenses were comparatively small and estimated in a rough fashion. Likewise, Carnegie relied on replacement accounting by charging re-pair, maintenance, and renewals to operating costs. Carnegie had, therefore, no certain way of determining capital invested in his plant nd equipment.As on the railroads, he evaluated performance in terms of the operating ratio (the cost of operations as a percentage of sales) and profits in terms ot a percentage ot book value ot stock issues n I , 1977, p. 268 (cited on C and er R. kaplan 1984). Thus, cost accounting practice in the late 1800s did not include the allocation of fixed costs to products or to periods. Despite the enormous capital i nvested in these new manufacturing enterprises, there was apparently no systematic method for forecasting investments or coordinating and monitoring capital investment.Andrew Carnegie is reported to have underinterpreted almost any new investment that would reduce his prime operating costs Carnegies operating strategy was to push his own direct cost under those of all competitors so that he could charge prices that would always ensure enough lease to keep his plant running at full capacity. Secure in his knowledge that his costs were the lowest in the industry, Carnegie then engaged in merciless price cutting during scotch recessions. While competing firms went under, he still do profits Johnson, 1981, p. 515 (cited on R. kaplan1984). focal point accounting development was highly nfluenced by scientific management theory, based on which accounting legitimate academic basis and directions for purposeful development (Chatfield, 1977 cited on Darius Gliaubicas (2012)) The scientif ic management movement in American industry provided a major impetus to the further development of cost accounting practices Chandler, 1977, pp. 272-283 cited on R. kapaln(1984)). The major fgures in this movement were engineers who, by detailed melodic phrase analyses and time and motion studies, determined scientific standards for the amount of labor and material required to produce a repayn unit of output.These standards were used to provide a basis for paying workers on a piece-work basis, and to determine bonuses for workers who were highly productive. The names associated with developing the scientific management access include Frederick Taylor, Harrington Emerson, A. Hamilton Church, and Henry Townen. This approach include not only the development of work standards but withal a new form of organization, supplementing the traditional operating or line lams with staff function knowing not to accomplish work, but to set up standards and ideals, so that the line may work m ore efficiently.The scientific management advocates also started the practice of measuring and allocating overhead costs to products. Innovations came primarily in deter-mining indirect costs or what was termed the factory burden, and in allocating both indirect and direct (or prime) costs to each of the different products produced by a plant or factory so as to develop still more accurate unit costs. In a series of articles published in the Engineering Magazine in 1901, Alexander Church began to devise ways to account for a machines idle time, for specie lost when machines were not in use.Henry Gantt and others then developed methods of btaining standard costs based on standard volume of throughput by determining standard costs based on a standard volume of, say, 80 percent of capacity these men defined the increased unit costs of running below standard volume as unabsorbed bur-den and decreased unit costs over that volume as over-absorbed burden Chandler, 1977, pp. 278-279 (cited on R. kaplan 1984) Also, under performance of scientific management theory, a need for operative and perspective information has formed (Fleischman Tyson, (2007) cited on Darius Gliaubicas (2012)).Metcalfe ideas had high influence on cost accounting development. In his book The cost of manufactures, published in 1885, he discussed separation of direct and indirect costs in order to make ettective management decisions . Formation ot modern management accounting methods, were also influenced by General Motors ideas. In 1919 it was created promoting salary system started implementing flexible budgets, developed transfer pricing method Du Pont Powder company, was one of the first ground forces companies, that started developing several activities at the same time Oohnson Kaplan, 1987).When company diversified its activities, management required such accounting system that ould help controlling all products value chains, coordinate performance of individual subdivisions, while meetin g owners interests. Du Pont companys executives, wanted to control return on capital that owners invested, and at the same time pardon investment financing decisions. That is why was created ROI ratio. When World War I ended, cost accounting became a profession (Loft, 1990).Under the influence of great depression in 1933, regular army government established mandatory provision, to form fair practice codex, which would include paying employees reasonable wages and determining weekly working hours. Therefore cost accounting pecialists had to ensure two main functions, while following fair practice codex (1) ensure, that prices would not be lower than prime costs and (2) to agree costs calculating rules and methods Oohnson & Kaplan. 1987).During World War II, the importance of standard cost accounting method has reduced, because government wanted to trade only with those companies, whose production costs were close to actual, not standard costs (Fleischman & Tyson, 2007). About 1954 , management accounting definition was mentioned for the first time. In Simon (1954) research that included employees from 7 biggest USA companies, it was ound that management accounting information is used to fulfill three main control functions (1) registering performance results, (2) managing attention and 3) solving problems.Performance results were given in financial reports. Attention managing was based on comparison of plans budgets and actual results. Problem solving function has been implemented by making decisions, such as manufacture or buy, what if analysis or alternative pricing decisions. Also, a need to calculate direct production costs, to perform absorption and marginal costing has grown at about 1950 (Chatfield, 1977). In 1960s, when USA companies influence in worldwide economy has decreased, responsibility accounting has formed, which allowed determining who is responsible for individual scope (Kaplan, 1983).In 1970s first costs managing accounting methods were cr eated. Activity based cost management method, and value adding costs and product lifecycle analysis methods were formed (Hoskin & Macve, 1988). In 1981 strategic management accounting definition was introduced. Management accounting purpose became helping companys management to manage its strategies Oohnson Kaplan, 1987). Porter (1985) created value chain model. Also, at 1985, competitors analysis has grown stronger, because of five competitive forces, PEST and uprise methods (Porter, 1985).These methods allowed assessing, not only companys inbred environment, but also to foresee performance risk factors in external environment, this way creating a competitive advantage. In 1987, customers advantageousness analysis was discussed (AnandaraJan & Christopher, p an & Norton ( ) created a balanced scorecard system, which allowed companys management to transform objectives provided in strategy, vision and mission into performance indicators, which allow assessing the success of mpleme nting competitive performance strategy. Darius Gliaubicas (2012 P. 4-26) 3. Origin and Managerial Controlling Practices of Management Accounting In the period preceding the industrial Revolution, economic advancement predominantly occurred in the Middle and remote East (Chatfield 1977 ). Some of the oldest surviving job records dace back to the Chaldean-Babylonian, Assyrian and Sumerian civilizations. Various types of service businesses and small industries were established and the oldest known commercial documents date from 3500 BC (Chatfield 19775). In Babylonia formal legal codes made record keeping compulsory.The most famous is the Code of Hanunurabi, which required that an agent selling goods for a merchant should give the merchant a sealed memorandum quoting prices. All these records were kept on clay tablets (Chatfield 19775) In Egypt the introduction of papyrus as a writing aerofoil made writing less cumbersome and permitted a wider use of supporting documents. Despite th e early progress, the development virtually stagnated for several thousand years. This might be ascribed to the inability to express goods in terms of a single substance (monetary unit) (Chatfield 19777) (M. shotterl 999. p . 244).Once of the oldest and largest surviving records of a system of responsibility accounting was maintained by Zenon. a manager of a hole-and-corner(a) estate of the finance minister of Ptolemy II in 256 BC. Each of the supervisors of the areas of the estate had to render frequent accounts of all transactions. The accounts were rised and audited on a regular basis. This form of accounting system spread throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East and was later adopted and modified by the Romans. The ingrained aim of this form of accounting system was the protection of the property of the owners (M . hotter 1999 p. 4)1. None of the above ancient forms of accounting provided any aid for decision-making or resembled cost accounting. Until the Industrial Re volution, records did not allow for separate costing by product lines and mad no distinction amidst capital and revenue expenditure. This resulted in an inability to estimate the profitability of a product, a capital investment or an increased investment in labour (Chatfield 197711) The Industrial Revolution which gained momentum roughly in the midst of 1760 and 1830 in this period accounting historian place the exact time as the origin of management accounting is 1812 (H.T. Johnson and R. S. Kaplan, 1987) the industrial revolution can be ascribed to a vast number of reasons, but the most well known arc the technical inventions that reformed the manufacturing world. These include the steam engine by pack Viratt in 1765, the spinning Jenny by James Hargreaves between 1764 and 1767 and Arkwrights spinning frame in 1768 (Ashton 1948) This period Britain was also associated with a sharp growth in the population, a more extensive use of capital, and the conversion of rural into urban communities as well as a rise in new cordial classes (Ashton 1948 ).In the joined States of America the effect of the industrial Revolution was not as marked and immediate as in the United Kingdom. Although it did have an indirect effect on the US economy. the factors that had the most remarkable effect were the corning of the railways and the telegraph around 1840 (Chandler 1977). After 1840 and especially trom 860 the railways and the telegraph revolutionized t traditional ways of production and distribution.Coal provided a cheap and flexible source of energy which enabled the railways to provide the fast, regular and dependable transportation so essential to high volumes of production and istribution (Chandler 197779). Technological innovation, the expanding income per capita as well as the rapid growth of the poralation increased the complexity of existing production and distribution processes and increased the volume and the speed of transactions.The existing market mechanism was often no longer able to co-ordinate these transactions effectively. According to Chandler (1977484 ) created a need for administrative co-ordination. To address this need entrepreneurs large multi-unit organizations and appointed managers to administer them. (M . shotter 1999 P. 1 5) According to traditional history management accounting evolved from the techniques of cost accounting that were developed in England before and during the Industrial Revolution (M. shotter 1999 p 216).The need for cost accounting developed when the double-entry bookkeeping system was not able to provide owners with product costs for purposes of pricing, particularly in the engineering sector. As engineering firms grew more and more competitive, cost estimates were needed for bidding on special contracts for which no market prices existed (Chatfield 1977159). At that stage manufacturers guarded their cost methods as industrial ecrets and bookkeeping texts generally ignored the subject (Chatfield 1977 1 59 ).Edwards, et al. (1995 ) suggest that management accounting was purely concerned with making the best use of operational resources at bottom certain constraints. Management accounting was viewed as an independent variable, which passively served the needs of the organization and neither neither shaped nor was shaped by the organization or society Support for their view can be found in the number of case studies of archival records of organizations that operated before and during the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom.In 1740 the accountant of the Melincryddan Smelting whole kit and caboodle distinguished between variable and fixed cost while deciding on the most profitable location, whilst Cyfartha Iron Works was recharging production overheads to cost centers and writing off general overheads to the profit and loss account in the 1790s (Comes 199616). Walsh & Stewart (1993) suggest that they found manifest of the implementation of accounting systems for purposes of managerial control in two separate studies, carried out before and during the Industrial Revolution.In their study of the operations of the New Mills Woollen Manufactory for the period 1681 to 1703, they ound evidence of costing for purposes of pricing as well as information to control the flow of material. At New Lanark Cotton Factory, which was studied from 1800 to 1812, they found a very much more sophisticated system of control over not only materials but also over the laborers. Accounting was used for the purpose of measuring productivity as well as to control the behavior of laborers (Walsh & Stewart 1993790).Edwards et at. (1995 6) ascribe the difference between their view of the origin of management accounting and the other views mentioned below to the differences in environmental circumstances between countries. They contrast the long industrial history, steady rate ot economic development and relatively ample supply of labour of the United Kingdom with the United Stat es where industrial development started much later and industrialization took place more rapidly against a background of labour shortages.Edwards et at. (1995) are also of the opinion that it is unduly restrictive to equate the development of management accounting to the use of accounting information to control human activity. As discussed above, they advocate a much broader role for management accounting. M. shotter1999 . P217) Chandler (1977) disagrees with the aforementioned view of management accounting being an independent variable and suggests that it played an important role in the development of the giant firm.According to him modern cost accounting originated during the middle of the nineteenth century with the advent of the railways and later the chemical, steel and metal working industries in the United States of America. These organizations were increase in size and their processes were growing in complexity, creating a need for cost information to determine prices and evaluate the performance of the businesses.He is of the opinion that management accounting did not merely boot out because the growing organization needed it, but that it facilitated this growth by means of focusing attention on the advantages of buying internally kind of than through the market. Chandler also suggests that management accounting was not merely applied for the purpose of product costing, but also to aid internal control. Williamsons (1975) transaction cost theory supports Chandlers view. He suggests that management accounting is a means of determining the prices of products in large corporations in the absence of a market system.The cost of co-ordination internal transactions by means of management accounting is lower than the cost incurred when entering into these transactions through the market, thus Justifying its existence. A study by Fleischman, Hoskin & Macve (1995)(cited on M. shotter1999) of the Boulton & Watt engineering practice during the beginning of th e eighteenth century revealed that costing techniques to determine piece rates for laborers were once-off exercises to establish fair prices, and thereafter only received sporadic attention.Based on these findings, they essentially agree with Chandler (1977), Williamson 1975) and Johnson and Kaplan (1987) that entrepreneurs did not really need cost accounting, as long as they were paying market prices for the output of each worker. Similarly, Fleischman et al. (1995 171) agree that detailed attention to the efficiency and control of labour was only required when entrepreneurs took the manufacturing process out of the hands of contractors and brought the workforce under their direct control.To sum up all evolution of management we should analyses four stage as follows The demand for information for internal planning and control apparently arose in he first half of the 19th century when firms, such as textile mills and rail-roads, had to devise internal administrative procedures to co ordinate the multiple processes involved in the pertormance ot the basic activity (the conversion ot raw materials into finished goods by textile mills, the transportation of passengers and freight by the railroads). In the first stage, management accounting is seen as a technical activity necessary for the pursuit of the organizational objectives while in the second stage it is seen as a management activity playacting a staff role to support line management hrough the provision of information for planning and control. In the third and fourth stages management accounting is seen as an integral part of the management process With improved technology, information is available in real time to all levels of management.The focus, therefore, shifts from the provision of information to the use of the available resources to create value for all the stakeholders. Figure 1 shows four stages of management accounting evolution and how each stage encapsulates the previous ones. 3. Reduction of waste of business resources 4. Creation of value through effective use of resources Source IFAC, 1998 6. imported from (Nelson Maina Waweru,2010 p . 167) Fig. 1 . The evolution of management accounting 4. Management Accounting Theories no matter of how management accounting emerged, the economic framework played a central role in shaping it.Other subject areas, such as management science, organization theory and lately behavioral sciences were undoubtedly present, but economics and specially the marginal list principles of neoclassical economics, had the dominant influence in the last century. The evolution of management accounting in the last century can be also assessed on historical grounds. Figure 2 below shows our main theoretical frameworks that can be used to describe the development of management accounting. They are then discussed in the subsections that follow. 2 Management accounting development theoretical tramework 4. 1 Old conventional wisdom. Traditional textbooks h ave a list of topics that, despite the differences in orientation, are common to all. It is agreed that the final developments in management accounting occurred in the early decades of the twentieth century to support the growth of multi-activity and diversified corporations such as Du Pont (Kaplan, 1982 and 1984 Scapens, 1985 Boritz, 1988 Johnson and Kaplan, 1987 Atkinson, 1989 and Puxty, 1993) cited on(Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) .This stage is based on the absolute truth approach and principles of management which were rooted in an engineering view. Giglioni and Bedeian (1974) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) provide a good overview of the roots of management control issues that lie in early managerial thought. Emerson (1912)( cited on Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) may be credited with the first meaningful contribution to the development of 20th century management control theory, in The Twelve Principles of capacity where he heavily stresses the importance of control.Church (191 4) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) also contributed to the development of early management control theory for him one of five organic functions of administration was control, set as the mechanism that coordinates all the other functions and in addition supervises their work. Fayol (1949) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) identified control as one of the five functions of management, control being the check-out procedure of whether everything occurs in conformity with the plan adopted, the instructions issued and principles established.It is interesting to note that Lawson 1920) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) wrote the first text devoted entirely to the subject of management control, while Urwick (1928) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) became the first author to identify a set of five control principles responsibility, evidence, uniformity, comparison and utility. One of the first empirical studies of corporate organization and control was performed by Holden, Fis h and Smith (1941), where one of its conclusions was that control is a prime responsibility of top management.Historical studies have played a conspicuous role in management accounting in recent years. Both research and practice have been strongly influenced by Kaplan (1984) and Johnson and Kaplan (1987), cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) who call for more relevant product costing. As a precedent, Chandler (1962 and 1977) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) showed the importance of cost and management control information to support the growth of large transportation, production and distribution enterprises during the perid of 1850-1925.Management accounting systems evolved in the late 1880s to provide information about internal transactions, and by mid 1920s they were being used for diverse activities like lanning, controlling, motivating, analyzing and evaluating (Boritz, 1988). Johnson (1981 and 1983), Johnson and Kaplan (1987) and Lee (1987) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 201 0) made a convincing case for the development of managerial accounting practices in the US. 4. 2 Agency theory. The irruption of economics in the field led academicians to work on very elegant Mathematical models.Agency theory and transaction costs are a refinement of the mathematical modeling based on economic concepts and theory. The agency theory assumes that there exists a contractual relationship between members of a firm. It recognizes the existence of two groups of people principals or superiors and agents or subordinates. The principals will set apart decision making authority to the agents and expect them to perform certain functions in return for a reward.Both the principals and the agents are assumed to be rational economic persons do solely by self-interest but may differ with respect to preferences, beliefs and information densen and Meckling, 1976) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010). The principal/ agent relationship can exist throughout any organization and usuall y starts from the shareholder director nd ends with the supervisor-shop floor worker. In an organization context, which involves uncertainty and asymmetric information, the agents actions may not always be directed to the best interests of the principal.Agents pursuit of their self interest instead of those of the principal is what is called the agency problem densen and Meckling, 1976) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) to counter this behavior, the principal may monitor the agents performance through an accounting information system. The owner can also limit such aberrant behavior by incurring auditing, ccounting and monitoring costs and by establishing, also at a cost, an appropriate incentive scheme densen and Meckling, 1976). ited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010) Agency theory is based on several assumptions Individuals are assumed to be rational and to have unlimited computational ability. They can anticipate and assess the probability of all possible future contingencies. The contracts are assumed to be unpaid and accurately enforceable by courts. The contracts are expected to be comprehensive and complete in the sense that for each verifiable event, they specify the actions to be taken by the contracting parties. However, this assumption may not hold in most developing countries where Judicial systems still lack the necessary resources to act efficiently.Both principals and agents are motivated solely by self- interest. The agent is assumed to have private information to which the principal cannot gain access without cost. The agent is usually assumed to be work averse and risk adverse (Batman, 1990 343) cited on (Nelson Maina Waweru, 2010). Furthermore, agency theory concentrates on problems encountered by the owner when the manager relies on asymmetric information to cuckold and shrink (Mackintosh, 1994). Asymmetric information is not a one-way street as is assumed by agency theory.Owners would also have access to private information, which they wo uld use in negotiating contracts. However, according to Baiman(1990), the above criticisms are less compelling if we view the principal-agent model as a frame work for analyzing issues and highlighting problems which arise and must be considered in applying managerial accounting procedures to real world situations. Consequently, agency theory offers insights into some of the tough issues and difficult problems involved in he design of management accounting systems. . 3 Contingency theory. The contingent control literature is based on the premise that a correct match between contingent factors and a firms control package will result in desired outcomes. Contingencytheory explains how an appropriate accounting information system can be designed to match the organization structure, technology, strategy and environment of the firm. It suggests that universal applications are inappropriate and a framework for analysis is developed to suggest alternative performance measures,

Belong: Charlie Day and Jasper Jones

Hello on the whole, I am here to put forth my ideas about my perception of belong via reading Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey, and The Happiest Refugee by Anh Do. But first onward, what is Belonging? Belonging I expression, is when you have your mates around you, and youre having a good time, knowing who everyone is, meet in basically. But on that point can be other parts of belonging when you dont really know people. For example, belonging to a school, but whilst belonging to it, you could comfort be bullied or harassed.Whilst I was reading Jasper Jones, I came to notice that Carlie, the main character and narrator of this story, belonged to his own world inside his head, where he stores words, as if its a prize, but he cannot flaunt them, for the town is a mining town, and it would seem that he is trying to be better than them, just because he seeks education. But buttocks to Charlie, he loves to read, and express his stepings on paper, where he can just dive into his own pool of creative ideas, and thats where he truly feels he belongs.Then I go over to The Happiest Refugee and delve into its bindings, and try to find out if Anh belonged in the Australian culture, and whilst there was was some ups and downs for him, he finally came to. He met a girl, they shared niggardliness and he had his local sports footy club, where he belonged to both. But did Charlie feel as if he belonged to his family? I didnt think so. His mother acted as if she she just had to put up with them, because of her sequestered love life from afar with another man.She didnt think they were worthy of her presence, and if you read the book, you could see the dialogue in which the mother and father had intensive arguments about not talking to each other, the father drifting away and just locking himself in his room. There is also a video which I think is interestign to watch, it was called Who do you think you are? And this episode was for Christine Anus family, and her search for he r family heritage.After she was famous and now considerably old, she is now just beginning to wonder who her other family members are, thinking she does not feel as if she belongs to anything, as she has no idea what her family was like. So they go off an an adventure, and discover the family members, and Christine gets emotional for each member found, and it is a fascinating watch. But to her, as I said, to belong was for knowing who her family members were, what they did, what they acted like.Now back to Anh, and his belonging to his football club, at first in school, some people tried to outcast him, make him feel bad, and that was one of the teachers for Anhs classes, where they were supposed to make posters about how they hated the asian race, despite Anh being there. But I dont think it phased him as much as the teacher wanted it to, in fact, he strived to make himself belong further, to make the teacher accept him, and he eventually did, but Anh didnt feel right about it.And there was one bit in the book, when a member from the other football side they were playing called him a gook, and Anhs team mates heard him say that and went on to thump that player as much as they could every time he got the ball in his possession. So that showed his belonging to the team, whilst when they finish the match, they go off on their different ways a bit like Jasper Jones.Now I dont think Jasper Jones ever truly belonged to everyone, I dont believe he had any friends, the entire town hated him, perhaps for his race, or the fact that he steals, and they then push all blame onto him. Then when Jasper found the horrifying scene in the glades, and came to Charlie for help, I think that is when he genuinely had someone to belong to, to confide in, to tell him things, to let it all out.I mean, all the boys grudgingly admired his footy skills, and the girls were all tearing about him in secret, but still nobody approached him, just as no one approached Charlie, and that is p robably what compelled Jasper to knock on his window that night, to share with him all those things, to take the adventure together. This is my perception of belonging, and I will most likely never understand the concept of it completely, but I have typed out what I think of it, throughout the three texts that I have had to talk about.

Can Personality Be Changed Essay

The paper is very well conducted in my opinion because hey deal looked at the in-between part of disposition by examining acquired and transposeable beliefs. They have seen that they underlie many patterns of adaptive functioning, and that they have unique implications for understanding personality culture and personality change. There are a few different things that we have learned so far that support Dwecks argument. In chapter 3 page 42, it dialogue about Moral Development and how it changes the ability to decide whats right and whats wrong.When someone has to make decisions they go by whats best for them and the counseling they chose whats best or them is by what their personality can handle. In chapter 3 page 43 it says that in adolescence they go through physiological changes where the competitiveness with parents increase, they have mood swings, depressions becomes a factor, they encounter rule breaking behavior, and their peers become important. So during that age peri od is when the peers have a big influence on a teenagers personality. Although there are many thing that I have learned that supports Dwecks argument there are also things that play off her argument.On page 42 chapter 3 it states that people ages 12 and bove are capable of abstract thinking, comparing and classifying ideas, and thinking about future possibilities. So in those ages they tend to have a mind of their own and are less influenced by the people they are around. On august 7, 2010 they did a study on how personality is genetically enhanced. So with personality being passed down genetically its always in your genes and that it will be a part of you forever. If personality can be changed then how can it be in your genes? Personality is a personal trait that developed by your personal behaviors and utlooks on things.I personally like this article because I can relate to it. Being a teenager myself I notice how peers can have the biggest impact on how I may feel sometimes or m ay want to respond to certain situations. I also know that some people change around the different groups they hang around with. I know that the way people may act or boss, or parents. I personally turn int agree with the article that personality can be changed I think your personality cant change I feel that you beneficial grow to be more mature and can determine whats right and what wrong.

Cell Phones: Addicting or Not? Essay

Are we abandoned to our cell knells? This is a common question that has arisen in the past several years as our phone technology and capabilities continue to growth. According to recent statistics, 85% of the U.S. population argon cell phone users (Chen).We Ameri toilettes use our cell phones to do just near everything. We address, text, promise our E-mail, surf the Internet, and interact in social networking, all on our phones. Because our phones have give mode so resourceful to us in our everyday lives, many say that cell phones have change state addicting. Cell phones in todays life have become very addicting to many state, and there are many ways in which to show how they are addicting.An addiction is the state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit- forming, such as narcotics, to such an design that its cessation causes severe trauma (dictionary.com). Addiction is when a person becomes dependent on somethi ng and feels like they cant go without it. For example, a person who is addicted to drugs or alcohol cannot go without that meat or drink without suffering from physical or psychological problems. Whenever they are away from it or withdrawn from it that is all they think about and they testament do anything to get what they need to satisfy the craving. These individuals become dependent upon that substance or act and feel like they cannot go without it.The usage of cell phones has become very addicting for the flock in the world today. David Greenfield, a psychologist who is an expert on Internet-related behaviors, says that constant and continual use of untethered devices produces chemical responses in the body similar to gambling (Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo). We tote our iPhones, LGs and Blackberrys with us so we can contact anyone, anywhere, anytime, and so we can be reached instantly (Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo). In todays world, people depend on their cell phone for their businesses , their social lives, and for gaming. They have become so dependent upon their cell phones that many people no longer have the land-line phone in their house or their business.Business men and women have become so dependent on their cell phones that they now have become addicted. It would be almost impossible to find a business man or woman who does not carry a cell phone with them twenty-four hours a day. They use them to call and meet new clients to gain business. They use them to talk with workers and keep up with what is going on back the office as they travel. They can use them as reminders of meeting and when things are due as tumesce as the activities they go through in everyday life. The way the business people use their cell phones has led to an increase in businesss efficiency and with increased efficiency at which people can work the cell phone leads that person to being more dependent upon their cell phone.Additionally, people use their cell phones as a way to keep up w ith their social life. People use their cell phones in their social life to the extent that without their phone they feel totally alone. This connection between phone and social life is the reason cell phones are so addicting. They can call from almost anywhere in the world. They can text someone when the time is not chasten to call or when they dont want to talk. They can check Facebook, Twitter, E-mail, and even the news, from the convenience of their mobile phone. Lisa Merlo, an assistant professor of psychiatry in the University of Florida College of Medicine, said, Its this need to be connected, to know whats going on and be available to other people.Thats one of the hallmarks of cell phone addiction. (cellular-news) The ways that phones make it easier to communicate with people causes them to use the cell phones more and more as a way to communicate. This increased usage causes people to become more dependent and thereby addicted to their phone. People have become so addicted to their cell phones they have chosen their phones over a long-term relationship. Psychologist David Sheffield said, The most shocking figure was that 7 percent (of students surveyed) said the use of mobile phones had caused them to pretermit a relationship or a job. (cellular-news)Another way that cell phones are addicting is because people use their phones to play an assortment of games. There are millions of games that people can play just by simply downloading a game or application to their phones.People no longer have to stay at home and play their games on a gaming device or computer. Now they can play games away from their homes and pretty much wherever and whenever they want. umteen times people try to carry on face-to-face conversations while being distracted while gaming on their cell phone. This feeling of sempiternal and uncontained gaming is yet another way that people get hooked to their cell phones. Experts say cell phone usage will only increase as the phones bec ome more sophisticated and powerful, likely replacing lap happens in the future.(Tanaka, and Terry-Cobo)Cell phones are used by so many people and do so many things to help people that they have become a fatality, rather than a convenience, in order for people to carry on their lives. This necessity or dependency is the addiction that people face with their cell phones. When these people lose or break their phones they panic, feel anxiety and look for the quickest way to fix the problem. For example, the car needs the oil changed and at the same time the phone is broken. Most people today will put their phones as top priority and get it fixed before repairing their car. This choice is a true indication of cell phone addiction. Peoples cell phones have become part of their daily life, and they are so dependent on their phones that they cannot function without them.When that phone is taken away, people just dont feel right or feel like they cant function without their phones. People feel that it is so necessary to impart their cell phone bill, that they will pay that bill before they pay their rent. These actions of not being able to go without are cell phone is what defines an addiction. Therefore, cell phones are in fact an addiction. As additional proof of this addiction, try leaving your phone at home tomorrow. Will you return home to get your cell phone even if it doer being late to work or school? If you do not return home to get your phone, how many times throughout the day will you wonder who has called or texted you? Are you missing an emergency? Will you rush home to check it? A yes response to any of these questions is an indication of cell phone addiction. Try this simple test and you will agree that cell phones are indeed addicting.Works CitedAddiction. _Dictionary.com Unabridged._ Random House, Inc. (2012) Web. 12 March 2012..Cellphone use comely a major problem for some. _cellular-news_. cellular-news, 22 January2007 . Web. 12 Mar 2012. .Chen, Brian. Gadget Lab. _Wired_. Wired, 15 Oct 2010. Web. 15 Mar 2012..Meyer, Michele. Cutting the Cellphone Cord. _Shape_ 2002 26-. _ProQuest Research__Library._ Web. 15 Mar. 2012 .Tanaka, Wendy, and Sara Terry-Cobo. Cellphone Addiction. _Forbes.com_. Forbes, (2008)Web. 10 Mar. 2012. .

Enzyme Lab

Purpose and BackgroundThe purpose of this lab is to explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological answers in assorted temperatures. This lab relates to enzymes, proteins, and substratums that we learned in class. The union of the enzyme and the substrate is called the enzyme-substrate complex. The make-up of an enzyme is proteins and made up of chains and amino acids.Enzymes are considered to be organic catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions that might otherwise take too long to occur and be of use in the trunk. They also allow reactions to occur in regions of the body that are unfavorable because of the level of pH or the lack of heat. HypothesisA reused and ground enzyme will have the greatest reactions compared to the other types of enzymes. Materials 1. Avocado 2.Petri Dish 3.Hydrogen Peroxide 4.Vinegar 5.Vinegar SubstrateProcedure1.Place a small piece of cooked aguacate/avocado/soaked avocado in a Petri dish. 2.Place 10 drops of hydrogen peroxide/vinegar substrate on the avocado 3.Observe for enzyme activity by looking for bubbles4.Rate the amount of oxygen bubbles produced on a scale of 1-5 5.Record your data in the chartDataConclusionAfter placing 10 drops of hydrogen peroxide and vinegar substrate in the assorted forms of avocado, the results were interesting. The ground and reused enzyme had the most evident reactions. It also shows me that enzymes can be reused, because of the reaction rating. Enzymes can be affected by temperatures because the regular enzyme reaction is low. Also enzymes arent affected by pH because it had a low reaction. Enzymes are specific because different types of enzymes work for different substrates.DiscussionMy hypothesis was supported and be in the lab. I predicted that the ground and reused enzyme would have the greatest reaction rating, and they did. Evidence that occurred in the lab would be the hydrogen peroxide and vinegar substrate dropped onto the different forms of enzymes. I dont think any improveme nts can be made, the lab was straight forward and proved what needed to be known

Femicide in Guatemala Essay

Femicide in Guatemala Six women and girls were killed in Guatemala last week in one daytime alone. Two of the girls, about 6 and 12 classs old, were found strangled to death in a street in the capital Guatemala City vesture their pajamas (Moloney 1). Guatemala has the third highest rate of Femicide in the world. Femicide is defined as the killing of a woman by a man because she is a female. In Guatemala, a significantly high number of femicide cases have been account and I strongly believe that this is a very troublesome and unhealthy issue for the creation.More than 3800 females have been murder in Guatemala since the year 2000 and this is just the official number. This clearly suggests that numerous candid women argon tortured and killed by men each day throughout the division. another(prenominal) report suggests that 512 women were killed between January 1 and October 16 in the year 2012 alone and this is after a 10 percent decline from the previous year. (PCUSA, 1) Most o f these cases were reported in the province of Guatemala, which includes the countrys largest city and capital. The fact that this number is still so high despite the drop suggests what an urgent issue this is. there argon various reasons for this violent victimization of women throughout Guatemala and is fair an increasingly pressing issue which needs serious attention. It has been reported that this region is one of the unsecured areas in the world for women. Each day countless women are raped, mutated, forced into sexual slavery and abortions, sterilized and murdered. This creates a sense of fear among the entire population and makes them more submissive to this brutality. Men and women throughout the country live their lives in immense anxiety and stress of losing the women that they love.One of the main concerns regarding femicide is impunity, meaning that most of these cases are not brought to trial. Reports suggest that only 1%-2% of femicide cases are prosecuted whereas cr iminals have a 98% to 99% chance of completely escaping any punishment or prosecution. This poses a huge problem because women dont get the justice that they deserve and criminals easily escape. This is very unfair for the innocent women who are victims of such crimes because their offenders dont receive the punishment that they deserve. Another main reason for this exigent issue is the inability of theGuatemalan authorities to ensure the safety of women. This is to say that the Guatemalan presidency is so corrupt that they are unable to provide security for women and with the extremely high rate of impunity it is almost impossible for women to find justice. Now, it is very important to picture why these gender specific crimes exist in the region. One of the main reasons for this violent targeting of women goes back to the Guatemalan goernment and militarys 36 year old genocidal counterinsurgency campaign against the countrys Mayan population (Mychalejko 1).This is to say that the reason behind this problem of femicide exists to destroy the intricate social bonds of Mayan communities. Additionally, Gender fierceness not only terrorizes women in the community, but it also disrupts traditional patriarchal gender relations by sending the message to men that they are not capable of protecting women (Mychalejko 1). I find this medium of using gender madness to target an indigenous population very disappointing. It is not ethical for a population to kill thousands of women in order to get even with a community.Further, it is believed that this harsh behavior against women is really effecting the male population because such incidents happen so frequently that they are becoming insensitive to such incidents. Men in the Guatemalan society have become normalized to such reports and this can be seen because the crimes are continuing to become more inhumane and frequent. As mentioned above, one of the primary reasons for this ongoing violence against women is the Gua temalan Civil fight, which left behind harsh memories of violence and impunity.The increased militarization cause by the ongoing war on medicines also continues to contribute to these high femicide rates. Guatemala is one of the regions strongly involved in the drug trade and thus women are utilise as collateral damage in the battle between gangs. Additionally, the economic and semipolitical climate in the region is not very stable and thus the land a resource conflict also contributes to these innocent deaths. Lastly, it has also been found that the increased involvement of inappropriate governments, especially US and Canada play an important role in this violence targeted to women.Basically, the Guatemalan government uses the targeting of women as a tactical and deliberate tool of political repression (Mychalejko 2). In my personal opinion, not only is this very disturbing but it is also very unfair. Women play an important role in building a society and this unnecessary viol ence against them is very alarming. Using women as a bait to target the bigger economic and political issues is unethical and should not be practiced by any government. It is impossible for women to find hope and justice in a society where such high impunity exists.This continues to be a immortal cycle for thousands of innocent women who lose their lives, while the people responsible are let free. Overall this is an absolute shame and mockery of the system. The Guatemalan civil war really contributes to these high rates of gender violence in the country. The aftermath of the war left more than 200,000 Guatemalans murdered, most of who were indigenous. Also, thousands were raped, tortured, disappeared and displaced. The most disappointing part however, is that over 98 percent of the people who engaged in these war crimes were left free.It is this lack of justice that left criminals in the country in power and innocent victims hurt. Therefore, these high rates of femicide are to info rm the local population about this harsh past and to remind them that justice has not yet come. In conclusion, I think that we must all focus our attention to this increasing issue of femicide in Guatemala. In the new-fangled times, as the political repression against women in increasing, they are becoming more active in order to prevent femicide.For example, In Guatemala it has been proven that as more women participate politically and socially, it brings out more repression. An example is the recent attempt on the life of the aforementioned anti-mining activist Yolanda Oqueli (Mychalejko 3). Yolanda is a leader of FRENAM, a movement that aims to defend land from expansion activities. She was returning home from a inactive protest when she was shot. I believe that this issue of femicide is one that needs immediate attention.It is absolutely wrong and immoral to use a countrys women as a way of gaining political control. Additionally, the Guatemalan government is extremely corrupt ed and has a very high rate of impunity, which in turn, allows criminals to go free and maybe even commit the crime again. I suggest that the citizens of the world acknowledge this and do an intervention throughout the region. It is high time that women not be used as a bait to target men or to settle past scores. Women are an integral part of any society and deserve pry and security.

Career Goals

Career Goals Passing the GEED offer be a challenge for you to pressurise in your career. Even if you arent suitable in pursuing long term post-secondary education, your new documentation can help you gets access to professional training programs at community colleges and vocational schools. Your GEED transcript can as well as help you get through the doors with a surplus of new handicrafts or advance within your period company. The Job market reports that 96% of employer preference, any(prenominal)one with a high school equivalency retention for eligibility for both hiring and promotion.The Job market will become fertile with opportunity for you. If youre not currently employed, put your new credential on your resume and consider contacting the career services center at the institution at which you took the GEED examination do not solitary you self. Many adult education centers and other testing locations have some principal that they go by and can help you prepare for your J ob search. If youre dependent with your current many, acquire your boss to meet with you, as peculiar as it may seem.Tell him or her about your recent proceeding and find out if it opens up any new opportunities for you within the company. You may not be offered a promotion right away, but earning your GEED credential may transform you to apply for one at the stamp down time. My computer josh

Pinoy Youth’s Preference for Kpop Music

Pinoy Youths choice for KPOP (Korean Pop) harmony How does it chance on their adjudicate for OPM ( master copy Pilipino practice of medicine)? CHAPTER IV look into METHODOLOGY This particular research pick out aims to gear up the Pinoy Youths Preference for Korean Pop medication and how does it act their taste for pilot program Pilipino symphony (OPM).Regarding this, the researchers provide adjudicate to know whether factors worry one and only(a) shot and practice of medicine constitution of Korean Popular Music really run into the Pinoy teenagers taste towards pilot light Pilipino Music In addition, the researchers want to distinguish the respondents ( womanish residents of the University of the Philippines Cebu College Dormitory and other chosen school-age childs in UPVCC) view toward Korean Pop medicine as well as their outlook in the overlord Pilipino Music (OPM).Moreover, this study would identify if the students harmony taste would affect their sense o f nationalism. In doing this, the researchers ga thered randomness which leave al integrity help in achieving the goal of the researchers. This would serve as support to the current research study. RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT This study pull up stakes be conducted at the University of the Philippines Cebu College (UPVCC). The location allow be the University of the Philippines Campus in Gorordo driveway Lahug Cebu City. The place is accessible to the researchers for they would not spend much time travelling.The researchers choose the local anesthetice since iodin of the researchers is before long residing in the dormitory and because it is more accessible in terms of distri excepting the sentiment questionnaires. RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS The major pertain of choosing respondents would be the residents staying in the UP dormitory which consists of 9 rooms with 53 student residents but the researchers respondents be on to chosen female dormers only. On the other hand, there entrust also be near respondents who do not stay in the dormitory but still female students in the University of the Philippines Cebu College.RESEARCH shaft Simple random sampling was dvirtuoso for the hear selection. This sampling method acting is conducted where each member of a population has an cope with opportunity to turn over part of the sample. As all members of the population earn an equal chance of becoming a research participant, this is said to be the most efficient sampling procedure. The researchers will list down all the names of the female respondents. aft(prenominal) that, the researchers will use the fishbowl technique and will randomly pick 15 out of these 32 respondents including the chosen respondents not staying in the dormitory.The researchers distinguishable to use this fishbowl technique since all the respondents atomic number 18 females and would only choose by way of get by by lots. This method involves the selection of the sample at random from the sa mpling frame by the use of random number tables (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2003). Numbers were assigned for each respondent in the master list. These poetry were written on charms of paper and drawn from a box the process was repeated until the sample sizing was reached. This research study will use a subject questionnaire as a research tool.The survey will be arranged basing on the factors that affect the respondents alter inbred toward Korean Pop Music and how it affects their taste to Original Pilipino Music (OPM). there atomic number 18 4 factors that the researchers consider. These be the respondents outlook towards the performers of the Korean Pop Music and Original Pilipino Music, the rhythm of medical specialty that K-pop and OPM medication brings, as well as practice of medicines composition and the message being delivered by both K-pop and OPM music. Every factor will be stated in a form of table.The researchers prep ard an introductory part for survey consis ting of 3 questions involving whether the respondents ar into K-pop music or OPM Music. One of the questions determines what music does the respondent like from the two choices, the Korean Pop Music or the Original Pilipino Music. The second question is just link to a supporting answer to question number one in which the choices pertains to the time that the respondents often listens to her preferred music. Below the introductory question will be 2 tables, one for K-pop music and the other one is for OPM music. The two tables are divided into 5 columns.These columns would serve as the respondents ratings from 1 to 5 and 5 as the most appreciated towards K-pop and OPM Music. Each factor consists of 3 phrases related to the factor revealed. As mentioned earlier, one factor that affects the respondents orientation toward music is the performers. The second factor involves the pattern of beats that the music contains. The third one relates to the lyrics of the music and how the mess age is being delivered to the listeners or audience. The researchers provide a survey questionnaire with a letter of permission to the chosen respondents.If the respondents approved the letter, they would answer the questionnaire automatically. If not, the researchers would pick another respondent and will answer directly to the survey questionnaire aft(prenominal) approval. The respondents would just directly answer the questions with no time limit. After the respondents have completed answering the questions, the questionnaire will be collected. DATA ANALYSIS The researchers would and then tally the results obtained. The results will then be tabulated. After that, thorough analysis should be done and the results would then be interpreted.This will be done by calculating the results using the Chi-Square Test for Independence. The researchers decided to use this type of prove for it is applicable whether there is a relationship between two inconsistents. In this study, the relat ionship between Pinoy Youths Preference towards K-pop Music and OPM Music is being described. This type of test actually involves statistics. As said earlier, the chi-square test is utilize to determine whether there is a signifi hatfult variation between the normal frequencies and the experimental frequencies in one or more categories.The Chi-Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two or more independent groups(Maben, 2009). In so doing, the researchers would be helped by the Chi-Square test in determining Pinoy Youths Preference for Korean Pop Music and how does it affect their taste for Original Pilipino Music (OPM). CHAPTER III THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK several(prenominal) theories have been profited and analyzed in this research study to help determine the factors causing an somebody to affect his/her attitude due to the type of music he/she prefers.A theory of Rudolf Radocy and David Boyle (2003) contends that musical preference is mor e than an interaction of inherent musical characteristics and man-to-man psychological and social inconstants (p. 371). They cite the work of Abeles (1980) who, after a thorough review of the pertinent literature, concluded that spirit factors and emotional states were related to preference, but not in a clear cut aspect. Moreover, Radocy and Boyle (2003) stress out that music preference might be inclined by the factors of environment such as institutions, experiences, group gatherings, self-concept, mass media and among other things.Another theorist, Warren Prince (1972) developed a picture for music listening with a major premise that a listener is capable of more than one response pattern and more than one type of listening experience (p. 446). His trope is proposed as an initial effort to build a framework establish on crucial decisions on what variables and what relationships between variables are to be investigated (p. 446). In addition, his paradigm gives a graphic rep resentation of the variables in the listening process.Princes paradigm has three categories the listener variables, response patterns and a group of knowledge process variables. The variables in these three categories are interrelated indicating causal relationships. Below is the draw interpreting his paradigm. Figure 1. 5 Figure 1. 5 shows the proceed of Princes Music Listening Paradigm with the (1) listener variables that are located at the top which are directed through the listeners general state of attention, (2) response patterns at the center and the learning process variables are located at the bottom, and mostly has the function of feedback into the responses.Moreover, the reason why the listener variable is located on the top is that, it determines its behavior according to the influence that the environment is causing it. From here, these listeners can be able to provide their own response patterns (e. g. music materials) from what they get from the environments influ ence. This then makes the learning process variables take place giving the outcome and motion from what the listeners prefer. Another music listening preference theory was developed by Albert LeBlanc (1982). LeBlancs theory conceptualizes musical judgment as a vertical process.LeBlancs music listening preference theory covers a whole system of input information. He explains that a persons decision on music listening preference must take note unavoidable time sequence. He asserts that music is differently processed at different aims, which one involves personality characteristics. When Prince built his music listening theory, he considered his theory as an initial paradigm. He mentioned that an initial paradigm represents notional considerations not yet confirmed even though they may be supported powerfully by research evidence. A later paradigm or theoretical schema may bulge out as a result of many studies based on the initial paradigm. (p. 446) LeBlanc (1991) stated that h is sense modalityl has a different focus (music listening preference) from that of Prince (music listening). However, LeBlancs music listening preference theory can be classified as a later paradigm of a more specifically developed theoretical model for music listening paradigm. The theory developed by Robert Walker (1980) similarly characterizes musical preference as only indirectly related to personality and/or attitude factors.Walker asserts that liking is directly influence by musical complexity. He point out the idea that preference is modeled by a bell-curve which means that there is an optimal level of complexity that is most enjoyable. Both very low complexity and very gamey complexity are less enjoyable (p. 105). Individuals have particular optimal complexity levels, with deviations in either direction decreasing liking. Simplistic music might produce boredom piece overly complex music requires extensive processing that can decrease the likelihood that an individual wi ll continue attending to the music. (Perkins, p. 5) Walkers idea stresses out the fact and/or assertion that an individual, when introduced to a new manakin of music will probably like and abandon the previous preference or he/she would have the selfsame(prenominal) level of likeness to the both previous and new soft of music. This, then leads to the point where the individuals personality and/or attitude is greatly affected and influenced by the preference he/she chooses resulting to the creation of different views of the individual. Below is the diagram of the Theoretical exampleConceptual Framework instal on the ideas of the theories that were combined, the researcher came up with the above conceptualized framework. The music environment variables which include the institutions, experiences, group gatherings, self-concept and mass media are located at the top of the framework, followed by the second variablestudents that stimulate affected by the music environment. From thi s, the second variable could experience the exposure of the third variable which is considered to be the various types of music materials and response patterns.Then, they can assess their response patterns by weighing the dominance of the dominant music which becomes the fourth variable in the framework. Upon weighing the dominance, the students will learn to choose and prefer the more dominant kindhearted of music which then, formulates their views on it and the effect comes after. The variables in this framework are considered the specified factors following the points and ideas from the theories mentioned. In addition, the frameworks melt is also based on the things that the theories pointed out. Below is the diagram of the Conceptual FrameworkOperational Framework The variables featured on the operational framework as showed below are the most specified factors that become a background flow of the research study. Home, UP Grounds, television, palsvariables found at the top of the framework are part of music environment which functions as the ones mainly influencing the second variablethe selected UP Female Students. This student variable now becomes the dependent variable in a way that its reactions depend on a certain situation due to the process that takes place in the music environment.In reacting to the environment variable, students tend to reckon in their minds the response patternsKPOPs beat, rhythm, composition, styles and performersthat they get from the influence of the music environment. Having the response patterns settled, students will have a selection of one type of music leaving the other type. Appearing in the framework, the dominance of KPOP music on the preference of Pinoy Youth becomes the outcome gained from the response patterns.The dominance of KPOP music can possibly be assessed that Pinoy Youth will end up selecting and/or preferring KPOP music over OPM (original Pilipino music), which is another variable based on the framework. The effect of selecting Kpop over OPM by the Pinoy Youth will probably lead to the effect on their personality and/or attitude questioning now their sense of nationalism. In accordance with these analyses, the specific flow of ideas showed in the framework is only based on the points pondered by several theories provided in the previous pages having the views of the theorists, respectively.Below is the diagram of the Operational Framework CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The new generation today has been clear already to the different kinds and genres of music. From time to time music has been improved and made more entertaining than before. This has evolved from the native type of music to the modern kind of music in which most of the teenagers at present seems to like and appreciate. Most of the music nowadays are already been mixed up.Some music are from other countries that become pop and cognize to other neighboring countries and is still getting much popularity cos mopolitan. Butler (2006) defines music as an art of arranging across time. Music is part of almost every culture on Earth but it varies widely among cultures in means and structure. Music is a language of human mental image of communication with well developed rules of structure much like a form of sentence structure. An individual through music would be making interpretations based upon speech patterns like loud or napped rapid and bitten off, slow or smooth.According to Greeks (20th century), the beginning of music can be solved by theme where ancient people make up chants of religion, war, love and death through direct organization of nomenclature with the combination of body movements. Greek philosophers assumed that listening to music based on certain modes in use at that time was beneficial to the enhancement of the young persons character. With music, an individual can develop ones potential and positive outlooks in life (Butler (2006). Music is a mode of thought, a way o f thinking in tones. In addition, the usical mode of thought is a complex means of expressing a thought for the suggestion of ideas of beauty and emotions (Ferguson, 1959). With the help of rhythm, the message in music is delivered conveniently for rhythm contains everything that pertains to the forward movement of music in time. Rhythm is the pattern of beats in a piece of music. Mayol (1990) stated that music has existed from time immemorial archaeologists have unearthed traces of music in the most ancient society, ethnomusicologists have found it in even the most primitive tribal culture and scientists have claimed it present in space.Yet, no one has been able to established precisely when, where, why or how music originated. Mayol (1990) also claimed that there are new-fashioned theories proposing that in all cultures, music originated in a similar manner which was from a universal source (monogenesis) (p. 3). Ordinary people became uninterested with its beginning that for them it is a nonsense and worthless. But as time pass by, its implication and origin have brought sensation to their lives.And so, this made them vary their preferences towards the different kinds of music leading to other individuals conducting research and other related studies regarding with these behavior and choices. At present, there are already many types of music know to be famed. One of which is the popular music. Popular music pertains to a kind of music that is produced for a broader audience. This includes jazz, rock, rap music and many more. Popular music has three of the most measurable elements and these are language, beat and tune.This popular music originated in America in the year 1850-1950 (Yudkin,1996). In addition, popular music is typically vocal where everybody can sing more or less, and it has no formal raising because it is intended to appeal to the widest possible audience. Until now, this particular music is still being acknowledged and appreciated worldwid e including Philippines as well as other European countries. (Yudkin,1996). Regarding this popular music, Korean Pop or known as K-Pop is one of todays hits and famous music worldwide.Korean pop music is the well kind of music in the country of southeastern Korea today. K-pop music is just similar to western music. The only difference is their lyrics which are in the form of Korean. Hallyu is the word that means Korean wave. Part of the Korean wave is their overcome success not just in music but as well as in South Korean dramas and movies. The term Korean pop music does not only pertains to music but with accompaniment of movement that makes South Korea popular in Asia and neighboring countries from 1990s until present (Villano,2010).According to Hicap (2010), the making of Korean pop music also involves attractive young stars and their unique moves in dancing accompanied with how they trick out up. One of the newest and most famous is Rain, the male singer who became artist aft er his shooting in the Korean Drama Full House with the actress Song Hye Kyo. BoA is one of Koreas top female singers who has stand out the charts in Korea, then Japan and released an album in US. BoA worked in partnership with western artists and was cited as an influential artist in the 2004 MTV Asia awards.Others are bands and groups which are todays most known. One of them is the female group 2nel having a member who became famous in the Philippines before she reached her fame in Korea. Her name is Sandara Park. The next known group is the Wonder Girls, also a female group who was famous for their popular hit nothing which was loved by many Filipinos. Other group includes SS501, a male group that become famous after the inclusion of some of their songs in the soundtrack of the popular Boys Over Flowers and having their member Kim Hyun Jung.Todays known female group, the Girls generation who were trained in various aspects of the performing arts, has its own TV Series and they endorse products in Korea. There are still many known groups and artists that contributed to the success of the Korean Pop Music such as the Super Junior and Shinee group. These bands and groups made Korean Pop music be known (Hicap, 2010). Younger Korean musicians have already gained reputation, much popularity and appreciation as top performers in both concert and sport fields.In relation to this, youth around Asia especially Filipino youths have been affected by the outstanding effect not just to the K-pop music but also to other music from other countries (Kim,1985). A study by Fritzie Joy J. Dungog (1997) distinguishes the influence of Pinoy alternative music to the attitude of students towards local presidential term officials. Dungog utilize a three part questionnaire that asked questions pertaining to personal data, exposure questions and an attitudinal test. The questionnaire was distributed to 284 respondents.Based on the questionnaires she gave to the 284 respondents, the researcher found out that the respondents showed a high level of exposure to Pinoy Alternative Music and that the majority of respondents exhibited a positive approach towards their city governing officials. The study also revealed that there were no significant relationship between the attitudes of respondents toward their city local government officials and the frequency exposure to Pinoy Alternative Music(Dungog, (1997)). Dino Arnaldo A.Karganilla (1994) determines the effect of exposure to foreign music in FM send on the perception of high school students towards Filipino music. The study covered a sample size of 111 fourth year U. P. College High School attendees through a two-page questionnaire which were given to those 111 respondents. The instrument that Karganilla used in his study was a two paged questionnaire composed of three sections with an additional information part. The researcher spy that the respondents had a low level of exposure to foreign music and that the respondents had a favorable insight towards Original Pilipino Muisc (OPM).There was no connection between the respondents sexual category and rank of exposure that could influence their view towards Original Pinoy Music (OPM) and in turn, the exposure to foreign local FM stations did not bear a negative impact of the respondents toward Original Pilipino Music (OPM). A supplementary research study by Jessica Servande Losorata (2008) verifies whether Cebu local rock music airplay on Monster Radio BT 105. 9 has either a positive or a negative impact on selected rock bands that have played for Harakiri Mosh Production. A Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with selected ock bands that have played for Harakiri Mosh Production was the main method in gathering the data. A separate Focused Group Discussion (FGD) with Monster Radio BT 105. 9 listeners and online interviews with the stations manager and a representative of Harakiri Mosh Production were also conducted to gather additional info rmation (Losorata, (2008)). The researcher found out that the respondents were not devoted clients of radio. They had a low level of exposure to radio but their consciousness of its Cebu local rock music airplay was positive.The results of the study was been supported after the researcher interviewed Paolo Valera, known as Paolo Walker, the station manager of Monster Radio BT 105. 9 together with Shanette G. Mancao, one of the founder of Harakiri Mosh Production. For the respondents, the interviews and interactions were done through internet because of the interviewees schedule and activities. Another study by R. S. Holganza (1987) was all about the relationship between the exposure to foreign music in FM stations and the attitude of fourth year high school University of San Jose-Recoletos (USJ-R) students towards Original Pilipino Music (OPM).This particular research was conducted to determine if there is a connection between the exposure to foreign music in local FM stations and t he attitude of fourth year USJ-R students toward OPM. The research was conducted inside the University of San Jose-Recoletos (USJ-R) High School campus using one hundred fourth year male and female respondents from the different economic levels. The respondents exposure to foreign music was primed(p) by the number of hours spent listening to FM stations while the respondents attitude was measured by four OPM-related statements.The respondents in this specific study belonged to the same age level which was 16 to 17 with same educational attainment (fourth year high school). The researcher found out that the respondents were exposed to local FM stations whose programming was more on foreign music but the playing of foreign songs in FM stations seems not to decrease or slow down the popularity of the Original Pilipino Music (OPM). The add up of exposure to FM stations influenced the respondents liking of Filipino songs and the respondents over-all choice of song as verified by the r esults of the chi-square test was the Original Pilipino Music (OPM).A related study was conducted by Minni K. Ang and Miranda P. Yeoh (year) concerning the music preferences of Malayan students and KBSM Curriculum implications (explain). Ang and Yeoh nonionic this by preparing ten selection of ethnic-based Malaysian music and twenty selection of non ethnic related music consisting of ten popular music selections and ten western art music selections were used. Ratings of preferences, familiarity and musical training were equanimous from 139 randomly selected teenage students of two public schools in Serdang, Malaysia.The researchers discovered that the respondents preferred non-ethnic related music especially popular music. In addition, the interpreted results proved that the main factor affecting their preference for both ethnic-based Malaysian music and non ethnic-related music was their familiarity of the music (M. K. &Yeoh, 2002). These past studies serve as a basic foundation to this recent research which determines if factors like rhythm and music composition of Korean Popular Music really affect the Pinoy teenagers preference towards Original Pilipino Music and if this would affect their sense of nationalism.According to Malm (1977), there are explanations about the behavior observed with regards to the preference of Filipino youth. Malm said that early in the history back to the time where Philippines was colonized, the Filipino music traditions were mixed with Spanish-type of music which was distributed into the country. The Spanish influence becomes even stronger as one move toward Philippine urban culture Malm (1977). Malm (1977) claimed that Filipino possesses an attitude which comes from the experience of colonization, wherein it has adapted many music cultures from different neighboring countries in the history.Through this fact, it can now be related to the issue of choice of music that Filipino youth is experiencing with interest, specificall y its fascination towards Korean pop music. Additionally, they ought to love the unfamiliar type of music with amazement and astonishment to that kind of music. Regarding this concept, the popularity of the native music will declined slowly until it will no longer be known. According to Mayol (1990), the teddy of the Youths musical preference is due to the musics influential power that serves as a shaping force in determining the nature of the moral character of the populace.The power of music affecting a person was derived from its structure. The above mentioned cases and studies have shown that there is an effect or impact regarding the preference of Pinoy teenagers toward music. And the above researches would aid the current researchers to accomplish their study about the Pinoy Youths Preference for Korean Pop Music and how does it affect their taste for Original Pilipino Music (OPM). This would serve as guiding principles in this latest study. Bibliography Books Hoffer, C. R. ( 1989). The Understanding of Music (sixth edition) Personal Preference in Music.United States of America. Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc. Kim, E. (1985). Facts About Korea Music and Dance. Seoul, Korea Malm, W. (1997). Music Cultures of the Pacific, the Near East and Asia (second edition) Philippines. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mayol, P. (1990). The Development of Western Music Heritage from Antiquity. United States of America. Wm C. chocolate-brown Publishers Yudkin, J. (1996). Understanding Music Popular Music. 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