Library Ict Essay Example for Free

depository library Ict EssayIntroduction Rapid developments in discipline and communication technologies (ICT) and their wide occupation in all aspects of life have led to dramatic changes. These changes be so revolutionary that is not realistic to expect stability in their shake up 1 . Information technology (IT) entered into libraries, especially academic and research libraries, during the 1960s. Libraries employed IT to speed up their daily activities and reduce their operating costs. Many repetitive activities were upgraded utilize IT 2 .IT allows integration of library activities and increases efficiency and enables handlingrs to have remote access to information and around the clock access. New technologies offer unlimited information from several(predicate) sources and facilitate reformatting data from different sources 3. Definition Ebijuwa and ToAnyakoha (2005) 4-5 define ICT as tools and as well as means used for collection, capture, process, storage, transmi ssion and dissemination of information. The American Library Association (1983) 5 defines IT as the application of computers and other technologies to the acquisition, organization,storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.The computers are used to process and store data, while telecommunications technology provides information communication tools, which make it possible for users to access databases and link them other computer networks at different locations. IT and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) are used somewhat interchangeably. Objectives of the Study The teach objectives of this study are 1. To identify the ICT infrastructure facilities available in the university libraries. 2.To identify the ICT based software put throughed in the university libraries. 3. To find egress the various types of electronic resources available in the university libraries. Methodology The study is based on the primary data collected from the administration universi ty libraries and deemed university libraries given in fudge 1. postpone 1. hear of University Libraries S. No Name of the University 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Anna University,Chennai University of Madras, Chennai The Tamil Nadu. Dr. Ambedkar Law University,Chennai Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R Medical University,Chennai M. G. R .Educational and Research Institute, Chennai SRM University,Kattankulathur Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,Chennai B. S. Abdur Rahman University,Chennai Bharath University,Chennai Sri Ramachandra University,Chennai Deemed universities Type of university administration Universities 8. 9. 10. A structured questionnaire was designed to obtain data. The questionnaire was divided into four sections Hardware, parcel, Technologies, and Electronic Resources. Sixteen questionnaires were distributed among university librarians, of which 10 university librarians were responded (62.5%).Review of Literature Walmiki and Ramakrishnegowda (2009) 7 study ICT in frastructures in university libraries of Karnataka and order that most of the libraries were ulack sufficient hardware, software facilities and do not have adequate internet nodes and bandwidth. The campus LANs were not fully extended to exploit the benefits of digital information environment. Ahmad and Fatima (2009) 8 found that researchers use a variety of ICT products and services for research and bring forward remarked that ICT products help to findinformation, access information, manage, integrate, evaluate, create, and communicate information more(prenominal) easily.It was recommended that training be organized to increase the use of ICT-based products and services. Adeleke and Olorunsola (2010) 9 studied ICT and library operations found that ICT facilities were the major constraints facing libraries in the use of tools. Shafi-Ullah and Roberts (2010) 10 found that ICT infrastructure is necessary to make provide a research culture in higher education institutions and recomm ended allocating funds for ICT infrastructure.Etebu (2010) 11 studied ICT availability and found a situation that is not encouraging. Patil (2010) 12 found that users were not trained to use ICT- based products and services and further recommended an ICT training curriculum to increase the use of ICT products and services. Data Analysis The study was carried out in ten university libraries. The demographic information related to these respondents is shown in table 2. Table 2. demographic Information about Respondents S. No verbal description 1. 2. enumerate Percentage 40% 60% 100% organization University 4 Deemed University Total 6 10.Five ICT infrastructures such(prenominal) as computers, printers, laptops, scanners and photocopiers were identified for this study and same is shown in table 3. Table 3. ICT infrastructure vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT Infrastructure 110 1. Computers 1 4 11-20 21- 31 30 above 2 3 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 5 5 2. 1 2 3. 2 1 Tota l WAM rank and file (10) (40) 2. Printers 9 1 (20) (30) 0 0 (90) (10) 3. Laptops 9 0 (0) (0) 0 1 (90) (0) (0) (10) 4. Scanners 9 1 0 0 10 (100) 10 (100) 2. 1 2 (90) (10) 5. Photocopiers 9 1 (0) (0) 0 0 2. 1 2 (90) (10) (0) (0) It can be seen from table 3 that 4 (40% ,WAM 3.2, rank 1) libraries were between 11 and 20 computers, followed by printers, scanners, and photocopiers ranging between 1 and 10. ICT infrastructure mentioned in table 3 were further distributed library-wise, shown in table 4. Table 4. ICT Infrastructure vs. University Libraries S. N Description Government University Libraries n=4 Total Deemed University Libraries n=6 110 11- 21- 31 20 30 above 1 0 2 (50) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 N 1A 10 (0) 0 1120 3 (50) 0 (0) 0 2130 2 31 above 1 6 Total N A 1. Computers (0) 1 (0) (25) (25) (0)2. Printers 0 3 1 0 (100) (0) (0) 4 0 6 (33. 33) (16.67) (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 6 (100) 6 (100) 6 (100) (0) (75) (25) (0) 3. Laptops 3 1 0 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (100) (0) (60) 4 0 5 (75) (25) (0) 4. Scanners 0 4 0 (100) (0) (83. 33) (0) 4 0 5 1 (0) (100) (0) 5. Photocopiers 0 3 1 (100) (0) (83. 33) (16. 67) (00 4 0 6 0 (0) 0 (0) (0) (75) (25) (0) (100) (0) (100) It can be seen from table 4 that 2 (50%) government university libraries had more than 31 computers and 3 (50%) deemed university libraries had from 11 to 20 computers. All libraries 4 (100%) from government universities and 5 of those from deemed university libraries had scanners.Three government university libraries and 6 deemed university libraries had between 1 and 10 photocopiers. Four important software applications library mechanization, digital library, e-learning, and digitization were identified and further ascertained using an Objective Scaling System. The results are shown in table 5. Table 5. ICT based software system in University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Software Total WAM Rank Yes No 1 (10) 9 (90) 9 (90) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 0 4 1 . 1 3 1. 9 1 1. 9 1 1. Library Automation Software 9 (90) 2. Digital Library Software 1 (10) 3. E-learning Software.1 (10) 4. Digitization Software 0 (0) (Yes=Available, No=not Available) Ninety percent of the libraries have implemented library automation and digital library software. Most of the libraries have yet to implement e-learning software and digitization software. The software were further distributed library-wise and are shown in table 6. Table 6. ICT based Software vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Software Government Universities Libraries Deemed Universities Libraries Yes 1. Library Automation Software 3 (75) 2. Digital Library Software 0 (0) 3. Digitization Software 0 (0) 4.E-learning Software 1 (25) No 1 (25) 4 (100) 0 (0) 3 (75) Total 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) Yes 6 (100) 1 No 0 (0) 5 Total 10 (100) 10 (16. 67) (83. 33) (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 6 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) Three-quarters of government universi ty libraries and 6 (100%) deemed university libraries have implemented library automation , while one (25%) government university and one (16. 67%) deemed university had implemented both e-learning and digital library software. Technologies such as barcode, smart card, RFID, videoconferencing, and Internet technonologies were identified and are shown in table 7.Table 7. ICT based Technologies vs. University Libraries S. No Description ICT based Technologies Total WAM Rank Yes 1. Barcode Technology 2. Smart card Technology 9 (90) 3 (30) 3. RFID Technology 3 (30) 4. Video Conference Technology 0 (0) 5. Internet Technology 10 (100) No 1 (10) 7 (70) 7 (70) 10 (100) 0 (0) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 2. 00 1 1. 00 5 1. 3 3 1. 3 3 1. 9 2 (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All the libraries surveyed provide internet facilities, while 90% have implemented barcode technology. Three libraries have implemented smart card and RFID technologies.None of the libraries has implementi ng videoconferencing. The technologies mentioned in table 7 were distributed library-wise and are shown in table 8. Table 8. ICT-based Technologies Universities Libraries S. No Description ICT based Technologies in University Libraries Government Universities Deemed Universities Yes 1. Barcode Technology 3 (75) No 1 (25) Total 4 (100) Yes 6 (100) No 0 (0) Total 10 (100) 2. Smart card Technology 2 (50) 2 (50) 2 (50) 0 (0) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 1 5 10 (16. 67) (83. 33) (100) 1 5 10 3. RFID Technology 2 (50) (16. 67) (83.33) (100) 6 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 4. Internet Technology 4 (100) 0 (0) 5.Video Conference Technology (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All libraries in government and deemed universities provide Internet facilities. Seventy-five percent of government university libraries and 100% of deemed university libraries have implemented barcode technology. Nine electronic resources were identified for this study and are shown in table 9. T able 9. Electronic Resources vs. University Libraries S. No Description E-Resources in University Libraries Yes 1.E-Books 6 (60) 2 E- diarys 9 (90) 3. Full text Databases 5 (50) 4. Bibliographic databases 4 (40) 5. CD-ROM databases 8 (80) 6. E-Learning Resources 7 (70) 7. ETD 4 No 4 (40) 1 (10) 1 (10) 6 (60) 2 (20) 3 (30) 6 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 10 1. 4 7 1. 7 4 1. 8 2 1. 4 8 1. 1 9 1. 9 1 1. 6 6 Total WAM Rank (40) 8. DVD 7 (70) 9. Library Consortium 8 (80) (60) 3 (30) 2 (20) (100) 10 (100) 10 (100) 1. 8 2 1. 7 4 (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) Nearly all the libraries subscribe to electronic journals, and an almost equal number belong to a library consortium.Electronic resources mentioned in table 10 were further distributed library-wise and are shown in table 10. Table 10. Electronic Resources vs. University Libraries S. No Description Electronic Resources in University Libraries Government Universities Deemed Universities Yes 1. E-Books 2 (50) 2 . E-Journals 4 (100) 3. Fulltextdatabases 1 (25) 4. Bibliographic databases 2 (50) 5. CD-ROM databases 3 (75) 6. E-Learning Resources 3 (75) 7. ETD 1 (25) 8. DVD 2 No 2 (50) 0 (0) 3 (75) 2 (50) 1 (25) 1 (25) 3 (75) 2 Total 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 (100) 4 Yes 4 No 2 Total 6.(66. 67) (33. 33) (100) 5 1 6 (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 3 (50) 2 3 (50) 4 6 (100) 6 (33. 33) (66. 67 (1) 5 1 6 (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 4 2 6 (66. 67) (33. 33) (100) 3 (50) 5 3 (50) 1 6 (100) 6 (50) 9. Library Consortium 4 (100) (50) 0 (0) (100) 4 (100) (83. 33) (16. 67) (100) 4 2 6 (66. 67) (33. 33) (100) (Yes=Available, No=Not Available) All the libraries from government universities and a large number from deemed universities subscribe to e-journals. large number have acquired other electronic resources and belong to library consortia. Conclusion and Recommendations.The application of ICTs are increasing in academic libraries, especially in the university environment. Users expectations h ave increased due to developments in technologies. The study recommends the following The University Libraries must increase the numbers of computer available to enable the users to maximize the usage of ICT-based resources and services. The Digital Library Service is one of the most utilizable services in the university library. Users can access digital resources using a number of different open source digital library software packages. The libraries should implement digital library software.It is found that no library was implemented digitization software. It is very useful to digitize rare collections such as older and out of print editions. References 1. Webster, F. (2001). A new politics. In Webster, F. (Ed. ), Culture and politics in the Information Age. London Routledge. 2. Igwe, P. O. (1986). The electronic age libraries Present and future prospects. International Library Review, 34(1)43-52. 3. Haglund, L. , Olsson. (2008). The impact oo university libraries of changes in information behavior among academic researchers A multiple case study.The Journal of Academic librarianship, 34 (1)51-69. 4. Ebijuwa, A. A. (2005). Information and Communication Technology in university libraries The Nigeria experience. Journal of Library and Information Science, 7(12) 23-30. 5. ToAnyakoha, M. W. (2005). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in library services. Coal City Libraries, 2(12) . 2-12. 6. American Library Association (1983). The ALA glossary of library and information science. Chicago. ALA. 7. Walmiki, R. H. , Ramakrishnegowda (2009). ICT infrastructures in university libraries in Karnataka.Annals of Library and Information Studies, 56236-241. 8. Ahmad, N. , Fatima, N. (2009). Usage of ICT products and services for research in social sciences at Aligarh Muslim University. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 29(2). 25-30. 9. Adeleke, A. A. , Olorunsola, R. (2010). ICT and Library operations More on the online cataloguing and classification tools and techniques in Nigerian libraries. The Electronic Library, 28(3)453-462. 10. Is ICT infrastructure capable to accommodate standardized library management systems? Case studies of library automation from public sector universities in Islamabad (Pakistan). Available http//www. crl. du. ac. in/ical09/papers/index_files/ical-44_191_402_1_RV. pdf 11. Etebu, A. T. (2010). ICT Availability in Niger Delta University Libraries. Library ism and Practice. Available http//unllib. unl. edu/LPP/etebu3. htm 12. Patil, S. G. (n. d. ). Usage of ICT Products and Services for research at METs institute of engineering, Bhujbal Knowledge City (met-bkc-ioe) A case study. Available http//knol. google. com/k/usage-of-ict-products-and-services-forresearch

Religious Traditions and History Essay Example for Free

Religious Traditions and History EssayPolytheism, the belief in legion(predicate) gods, is perhaps the oldest known religion. The best known example is the Greek/Roman mythology, which included Zeus, Apollo, and Aphrodite, among others. star trait that is true of most Polytheistic sects is that there is a god that is above all others. All African religions be monolithic in the sense that there is a single High God, who is said to be the creator of the world, and of mankind, and a central source of order and of whoever sense is to be found. Another example would be Zeus. Most ancient societies believed in gods that were in fritter of specific beas, such as rain, fertility, and a god of nature. These types of societies cooperate with nature. This doesnt mean that all Polytheistic societies revered the cancel world. The Romans exploited the natural resources of their surroundings. One common thread in most of these societies is that, compared to other religions, Polytheism is much to a greater extent tolerant with the individual.Hinduism and PolytheismHinduism is a religion founded in India around 1000 B.C. The religions practice a form of Polytheism. This religion doesnt believe in one form of a god. They believe in the authority of the Vedas and Brahmans. These fundamental beliefs differentiate Hinduism from monotheistic, believing in one god, and most of the worlds major religions. There are many different gods in the Hindu religion. The most common are Ganesha, Shiva, Hanuman, Durga, and Lakshmi. What true was a caste or class system called varnas. The different castes were assigned a task that was fitting for their class. The expansion of towns brought astir(predicate) an increase in the pattern of artisans who were organized in guilds (shreni). This system was good for commercial activities. The main goals of Hinduism are life-affirming goals of Dharma (virtue), Artha (success) and Kama (pleasure), while the life-negating goal is that of moksha (release). All except moksha can be done in any part of a persons life.Confucianism and BuddhismPeople think that Confucianism and Buddhism are one and the aforementioned(prenominal). Confucianism, which originated in China, teaches honesty, kindness, respect the earth, and good moral character. Confucius had a distain about gods and spirits and preferred to try to understand man. Confucius (the Master) is more correctly Kong Qiu or Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.). He was the founder of a way of life, philosophy, or religion named Confucianism after a Latinized form of the founders name.Buddhism, which started at about the same fourth dimension as Confucianism, was started by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. Buddha, which means the enlightened one, which was the name he received from his followers. Buddhism is different from Confucianism in that it didnt teach about the family or rituals of this world, rather it taught enlightenment which leads to nirvana. There are eight awarenesses of e nlightenments. Freedom From Desire, Satisfaction, Serenity, Meticulous Effort, Correct Remembrance, Samadhi, Wisdom, and avoiding idle talk. The Chinese during this time asked the Buddhist monks, why do you not marry? Their answer was Wives, children, and property are the luxuries of the world, but simple living and inaction are the wonders of the Way. The Buddhists wanted was to live a simple life and reach enlightenment and thus nirvana.ChristianityChristianity is a salvation religion. Christians and Buddhists turned to the idea of salvation around the same time. Salvation means escape your earthly bonds. If you dont follow a righteous path, meaning free of sin, then you are destined to be cast into the pit of darkness, otherwise known as hell. The new testament of the bible is what guides these true believers. The Catholics say, for instance, that if you sin and repent by going to confession your sins pass on be forgiven. This is the only way to ensure that the soul is clean.The idea of all Christian orthodoxy is that they follow the teachings of Christ, which has many different interpretations. Thus it follows that when you die you will go to heaven. Some believe that the Earth is 6000 years old and believe that the bible is literally gods word. They refuse to believe in science, saying that its flawed in some way. Others believe that the Earth is indeed older than 6000 years. These Christians believe that the bible is a parable, teaching them how to live everyday life as a Christian. Modern orthodoxy believes that Christians are observers of nature, rather than one with the Earth.Religion, Science and NatureReligion has a profound imprint on our natural surroundings. In general, the Eastern and most Polytheistic religions are more reverential toward nature. The westerlymostern religions tend to abuse nature. The invention of the plow is a prime example. The West thinks of it as a means to increase the food supply and disregards the environmental impact . The East and the Polytheist refer to it as Mother Earth and treat her much more delicately. The contrast between the two couldnt be more stark.The East will try to balance their needs with nature. The West uses nature and sometimes destroys split of it. The idea that we are separate from nature is a Western ideal. The East, in general, believes that we are one with nature and must take care of it. Science in the West was not in tune with medieval orthodoxy. It was interested in facts. The Eastern philosophy used science with a spiritual twist. Fang Yizhi observed of western science, use a variety of techniques for swift computations, but they are still out of touch with general principles. They used the mind and not the natural world. heavysetThere are many different religions that teach many different methods of how to live your life while on this world. Most morality one god, monotheistic, others worship many gods. Polytheists, which literally mean many gods, roots are regula ten in Greek/Roman mythology. Buddhism believes that there is no god, just a path to enlightenment. at a time theyve reached enlightenment, theyve achieved nirvana. Confucianism and Buddhism are from China, but have very different belief systems. Confucianism is perhaps best understood as an all-encompassing humanism that neither denies nor slights Heaven. They believe that they are one with nature. Christians recognize only one god. They are labeled as a salvation religion. They hope to be able to break the bonds of this Earth by living a relatively good life with the reward being heaven.If you dont accept Jesus into your life, you are destined to eternity in hell. Its safe to say that the worlds religions have varied belief systems. Some believe in the after-life, while others believe that feel that we are Earth bound only. Most of the world believes in a single god. Polytheism and Hinduism say that there are many gods. They differ from Eastern religions in that they see themselv es as observers rather than one with the Earth. The East and West see nature differently. While the West observe nature, the East embraces the idea of being part of nature. This is a very fundamental philosophy that cant be overstated. The bottom line is that there are almost as many belief systems as there are people on Earth. It includes, but not only, monetary considerations, faith, and devotion. The only ones that know whats going on, assuming there is an after-life, are the exsanguine and buried.CitationsThe West and the humanity, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 952 The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 3343 The West and the World, A History of Civilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 1464 http//ancienthistory.about.com/od/china/f/022808Confucius.htm5 http//buddhism.about.com/od/basicbuddhistteachings/tp/awarenesses.htm6 The West and the World, A History of C ivilization, From the Ancient World to 1700, Kevin Reilly, 1037 Kevin Reilly, The West World A History Of Civilization from the Ancient World to 1700, Page 3498 http//www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/confucianism.htm

Maintaining a Competitive Edge in Business

Maintaining a Competitive Edge in BusinessINTRODUCTIONThe work bulge outance of nay business nowadays is very much triggered by stringent competition due to the existence of other players in the respective industries with the iam of providing the general consuming man with products and servces which were previously made avail adequate by other suppliers. To survive such(prenominal) predicament, businesses execute their own set of strategies. Various executions strategies concur ben identified in order to maintain their sustainable competitive edge and to establish their place in the market as against other players in the diligence. In this paper, the researcher go forth closely analyze the case of J. Sainsbury, a leash supermarket with interests in finance in the fall in Kingdom. The researcher allow identify the mathematical process objectives of the entire industry and comp atomic number 18 it with that of J Sainsbury, and analyze order qualifiers and order succeeders a s regards to the business operation of the business. More all important(predicate)ly, the researcher departing also give suggestions on what stairs can the partnership do in order to maintain its sustainable competitive advantage despite the growing competition in the industry with the launching of other players and the growth of previously identified competitors.PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVESPerformance objectives refer to a set of goals and aims specified by the company or the industry which argon expected to be achieved after implementation and execution of a set of strategies which are formulated top improve the performance of the organization. The supermarket industry in the United Kingdom is very diverse and adequate as each have varying strategies and tools on how they can better serve the public so that they will have an increased market share as against the other players. The key performance objectives of the operations of these supermarkets are geared towards increasing their market share and generating to a greater extent profit. One of the performance objectives of the entire supermarket industry in the United Kingdom would be to increase their economic value which involves earnings in profit, creation of new(a) customers, innovation, and the best use of available resources. Further much than, another performance objective of operations in the industry would be improvement of the companies social function which entails their ability to perform the conduct of their business while reaping benefits which are beneficial to the society such as corporate social responsibility measures. One more performance objectives would be to improve its human capital which in turn will reciprocate better service in the industry. Another performance objective of the business would be helping in the growth of the nation through improving internal and external environment of the company. The last performance objective of the company would be to be able to expand operatio ns on other areas of the business aside from diet retail which has been the industrys main business.ORDER QUALIFIERS AND ORDER WINNERSOrder qualifiers refer to the characteristics divers(a) products which are offered by the company that can qualify for such products or services to be considered for purchase by the customer. On the other hand, an order winner refers to the characteristics of a product or service that wins the order or the final and close to important factor which triggers the purchase. A company is said to be in a trouble if its best investments or its sustainable competitive edge is not important to the general consuming public. Order qualifiers and order winners are important for the firms products and services because eit stipulates the criteria which are identified by the consuming public and these criteria must be present in their offerings for such to be considered as a invaluable option.For instance, in the United Kingdom, when the shoppers think of which supermarket they should buy their needs, they consider these supermarkets in impairment of order qualifiers. Order qualifiers would include which ones has the lowest price, highest quality of products, socially responsible business, most accessible, among other factors, nonetheless, presented with this qualifiers, the customer will choose which one to visit base on the order winner or the characteristic or final affection which makes them choose that supermarket, normally the organizations sustainable competitive advantage. For instance, it can be assumed that what makes J. Sainsbury an order winner is its focus on quality which makes them the best in food and health as they deliver to the public a perpetually improving quality shopping experience exceeding customer expectations.THE OPERATONS OF J. SAINSBURYBeing one of the leading supermarkets in the United Kingdom, J. Sainsbury has been continuous in providing the public with a shopping experience of the highest quality in terms of the products and services which it offers. The remaining section will discuss the operations of J. Sainsbury in line with the performance objectives in the industry which have been in the beginning identified.The first performance objective identified was economic benefits. J. Sainsburys operation undeniably surpassed is economic benefits as illustrated by the profits which the company earned in the previous year. According to the companys Chief Financial Officer, they made good elevate despite the challenging economic environment and their sales even soared 6% higher from the previous year which is indicative of a good economic performance. The company is also generating more than 18 million customer transactions on a weekly basis with a 16% market share. Furthermore, in terms of its social function the company also showed in its operating review its continuous emphasis of corporate social responsibility as being probatory in the growth of their business. The company has mad e a positive difference in many communities by being able to support charities such as Comic Relief where they raised almost 10 million pounds and Active Kids where their donation almost reached 70 million pounds worth of sport equipments and other items. They have also implemented efforts to reduce to negative environmental impact of some supermarket practices such as when it comes to plastic bags. The improvement of the workforce has also been identified as a performance objective in the industry. Such has been shown by the company thorugh its efforts to improve the quality of the labor force for better service. It also continuously gives out monetary bonuses and incentives for good service performance which will motivate the employees to do better because they know that they are being recognized. Another performance objective before identified was being able to help in the growth of the nation. J. Sainsburys has been committed to this by providing employment opportunities which gave the citizens an avenue of earning as they work in a propellent corporate environment. It also perpetually creates opportunities to help the unfortunates in the nation by involving in partnerships with different groups. The last performance objective of the industry as earlier identified would be being able to expand their operations to open more opportunities and to serve more markets. J. Sainsburys response to this objective would be improvement in its non-food sector such as sales for home and lifestyle items. They have also expanded business through their additional channels to reach more market such as going on-line.RECOMMENDATIONSAs what has been shown by the discussion above, it can be assumed that the performance of J. Sainsbury in the market is doing well. The financial performance is indicative of good business while their corporate social responsibility is indicative of how well they help the society by bringing back whatever they have earned from the public. The st rategies which have been identified and formulated by the company showed success in being able to maintain its competitive advantage in the market and in being able to decimate competition from other players in the industry. The increase in their net sales is indicative that they were able to manage other players and they were able to do business in a good way despite the challenges which where brought about by the global economic downturn.To be able to maintain its competitive position in the industry, J. Sainsbury must be able to perpetually beat an emphasis on its on-going strategies and how maximum benefits can be reaped from such. competitor will always be rough in an industry which is as rough as the supermarket business in the United Kingdom. Both small and bulky players will have continued efforts in order to outplay and compete against each other. There will be competitive efforts which will focus in the main on price as such ahs been deemed as the most important order qualifier among the general consuming public. To be able to manage such competitive strategies, J. Sainsbury must always remember that the lowest price does not guarantee the most market. Price is a big indication towards purchase, but more emphasis should be put into quality as such is more important. There is a significant need to be able to compete on price. Nonetheless, the need to compete on quality can otherwise prove to be more paramount among consumer concerns.The operations strategies which have been earlier identified will help the company increase its share in the market or at least retain its current position. The researcher recommends that the company must put a continued emphasis on its efforts towards helping the community and the entire nation. The corporate social responsibility or the set of practices of every organization which are geared towards the environment should always be of paramount concern. The general consuming public is being increasingly aware of how to protect the environment. With that, the company must be sensitive towards this concern and must continue its efforts towards providing the public with an environmentally friendly shopping experience such as through the bags their use and improvement in their waste disposal practices in order to keep the environment clean. Moreover, they should also continue their efforts to help communities in which they pay back from the revenues they have earned from the public. A portion of their earnings shall be directed towards helping others by showing value to the same society which gave them the profit in the business. More importantly, it should continue to afford employment opportunities in the United Kingdom to be able to help the nation and to help improve the performance of the business by employing more competent and qualified individuals who can render excellent customer service which in the long run will translate into increased profit.The competitive environment for supermarke ts in the United Kingdom is tough. Nonetheless, with the formulation of effective individual operation strategies, the business will be able to outplay competition and survive in the mart as it continue on its perpetual efforts to help the public by offering them with a shopping option of the highest quality.REFERENCESJ. Sainsbury Annual Company Report (2009). Retrieved on April 29, 2010 from http//www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/files/reports/ar2009_report.pdfBusiness Studies (n.d.). Objectives of Business. Retrieved on April 29, 2010 from http//www.nos.org/Secbuscour/cc03.pdfWaterman H. (2007). UK Supermarket CSR Reports A Comparison Using Environmental and Social Reporting Guidelines. Retrieved on April 29, 2010 from http//www.fcrn.org.uk/researchLib/theses/supermarket%20CSR%2007%20Holly%20Waterman.pdf

Contribution of right hemisphere to language

Contribution of flop cerebral cerebral hemisphere to lectureTHE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE TO LANGUAGE 10The Important Contribution of the Right cerebral hemisphere to LanguageCheimonidou PanagiotaELTE AbstractDoes the in effect(p) hemisphere of the mavin have any contribution to lingual function? The argument of this research paper is that it does. Language is non lateralized just now to the go away hemisphere of the brain. Although this thesis is ch each(prenominal)enged, it backside be proved by the fact that damage to it can cause language impairment, affect our cause of the context of speech (oral and written), disable our knowledge of linguistic prosodic features. Moreover, supporting grounds substitutes the fact that linguistic function can completely switch itself to the right hemisphere of the brain, when the odd one is damaged. This is only part of the argumentation that could be made to support the classical component of the right side o f the brain. Still, it proves adequately that language has to do with both sides of the brain, and that the right one should non be overlooked.The Important Contribution of the Right Hemisphere to LanguageThe tear down of this study is to discuss the important contribution of the right cerebral hemisphere to language. It will be very interesting to support this view with evidence, since many arguments have been made once morest it, stating that language locates itself only on the left side of the brain and the right hemisphere has nothing to do with it. In order to highlight the importance of the right side of the brain for language, the structure of this research is based on facts ( aroundly on what follows right hemisphere damage) and on previous work in the field (e.g. , Field, 2003 Beeman Chiarello, 1998 Cook, 1984).To begin with, before head start talking about the important role of the right hemisphere to language, I believe I should first be more specific about the enclo sure lateralization. Brain or cerebral lateralization focuses on the fact that our brain is divided in half the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. As well-nigh of us bed, our brain is such uniquely complex that it is hard to know all its specific functions with every little detail but what we do know for sure is that our brain is so efficient that does the remarkable job of carving out specialties, dividing tasks The left side of the brain specializes in one set of tasks, plot of land the right side specializes in another. On a broad level, we can say that the left hemisphere deals with linear, structured, analytical, rational, logical and sequential tasks, while the right hemisphere focuses on big-picture thinking, on tasks that are about the whole, the context of a situation rather than the explicit detailed text, about holistic way of life of perception, dealing with things all at once, visualizing, synthesizing and not analyzing. So, lateralization deals with the two sides of the brain and the distinct functions that are allocated to each one of them.The interesting part in lateralization, is attempting to track in what way the two sides of the brain contribute to language. Indeed, this is a controversial issue that has long been under debate and is questioned until now. The long-held view is that linguistic function has to do only with the left side of the brain and nothing to do with the right one. Luckily, over the course of the years, this view is questioned. Many linguists and scientists have carried out important research which shows that the right hemisphere of the brain should not be overlooked in terms of language. One of them, Mark Beeman (1998), argues that the right hemisphere (RH) processes language (p. ix) and admits that this view still causes intense discussions which very much conclude to the argument that the right hemisphere has only paralinguistic function (p. ix). The same view is shared by Terrence Deakon (1997) who says that the right side of the brain is not the non-language hemisphere. It is critically and intimately involved in language processing at many levels during both development and maturity (154). Holding the same view, I believe that the linguistic function is not completely gathered in the left hemisphere. The left side of the brain may play an important role for language- perhaps the nearly important- but it is not sufficient without the right side. It is like a puzzle with some pieces missing. The importance of the right hemisphere is further discussed below.Perhaps one of the most convincing and strong arguments in favor of the significant contribution of the right hemisphere to language, is that it affects the understanding of stories and jokes. This conclusion came from the fact that patients who had their right side of the brain damaged, experienced the same symptom basically they could not comprehend the context of a narrative or a joke. Diana S. Woodruff- Pak (1997) says that people with their right prefrontal lobe damaged, usually cannot exact successful jokes and puns or tell meaningful stories (147). Dennis Coon and John O. Mitterer (2007), based in addition on imparts of patients with their right side of the brain damaged, prove that these people shop to understand the boilers suit context of what is said and therefore can no longer comprehend other nuances of language, namely jokes, irony, sarcasm, implications. The same symptom is highlighted by Terrence Deakon (1997) who argues that right hemisphere damage results in failure to grasp the logic of the whole (164). Norman D. Cook (1984) also argues that the understanding of short stories requires one to grasp the consistency, boilersuit coherence and sequence of events (32), but when right hemisphere damage takes place, these abilities are lost and the coherence of verbal output is degraded, leading to unwitting humor, paramnesias and an inability to sprout a train of thought to its logical conclusion (32). All the above converge to the fact that basically the right hemisphere helps us complete the overall context of language, without which the complete meaning of language cannot be transferred. Therefore, a person with right hemisphere damage will not be able to realize the complete components of a story (for example if part of the story is missing), or appreciate a joke, since s/he takes everything literally and misses the bigger picture. In congress to the connection between the right hemisphere and story and joke comprehension, there could also be made an interesting combination with autism. It has been proved that right hemisphere lesion can result in autism. Cecil R. Reynolds and Elaine Fletcher- Janzen (2009), talked about the finding that individuals with autism had a left ear preference for dichotic listening for both verbal and musical stimuli (p.775). Having in judgment that the left hemisphere controls the right part of the body while the right hemispher e controls the left, we can realize that, here, it is the right hemisphere that has to do with verbal stimuli, with speech. So, it is not just the left part of the brain that has to do with language impairment. But what has this to do with the understanding of stories and jokes? Well, Ozonoff and Miler (as cited in Field, 2003) proving with their experiments that patients with autism and right-hemisphere patients have symptoms in common, said that these people plunge it hard to understand the correct ending of a joke and that both groups might have similar problems in cognitive flexibility (775). Concerning story comprehension they moved on saying that these people face difficulties when it comes to understand details of a short story by using context and meaning (775). This again shows how damage to the right side of the brain causes loss of the ability to understand the overall context of language, and also underlines the importance of the right hemisphere since it proves that le sions to it can result in language impairment.Moving on to another reason why the right hemisphere of the brain plays an important role for language, we should consider its relation to the prosodic parts of language. Merely understanding the meaning of words and the syntax of sentences does not lead to adequate mastering of language. Language as a whole, consists of prosodic and intercommunicate features too, and this is what the right hemisphere is responsible for. Kolb and Whishaws statements (as cited in Woodruff-Pak, 1997) were very interesting, since they were the first to conclude that the frontal lobes and the right hemisphere appear more involved in the mediation of emotion than the left hemisphere (147). When we hear someone speaking, we must be able to understand the shadiness of his voice, the pitch of his speech. Without this ability, we would not be able to catch the meaning and intentions of the speaker. Indeed, when the right hemisphere is damaged, people lose thi s ability. Danny D. Steinberg (1993) illustrates that these people seem to have difficulties in processing speech as a prosodic syntactical distinction (249), while Dennis L. Molfese and Sidney J. Segalowitz (1988) similarly say that these people find it hard to express and understand the prosodic feature of language ( namely the emotional tone and the pitch alterations of speech)(484). What is also interesting is the fact that apart from the disability to understand a speakers tone, emotion and pitch, a person with RH damage will also be unable to understand the other peoples reactions to his own speech. As Molfese and Segalowitz (1988) say, such a person will have difficulty comprehending others emotional reaction to his or her behavior, and also his/her speech will be monotonous and lack emotional changes in pitch and tone (484). Consequently, these studies prove that language would not be conveyed sufficiently without the right side of the brain.Furthermore and most importantly, I want to talk about another phenomenon which I believe gives convincing evidence for the active role that the right hemisphere plays in linguistic functions the ability of the right hemisphere to take over language function when the left hemisphere is damaged. As Steinberg and Sciarini (1993) point out, the right hemisphere has some language functions and can take over the complete language functioning of the left hemisphere when that hemisphere has been surgically upstage or damaged (249). This phenomenon is usually observed at an early age. It refers to the equipotentiality theory about which Bruce E. Murdoch (2010) states that it is the analogous capacity of the two cerebral hemispheres to subserve language functions succeeding to unilateral brain damage, so that a shift from language competency from one hemisphere to the other is easily accomplished at a boylike age (162). This young age is referred to as infancy by Lenneberg (as cited by Field, 2003) who states that if nece ssary, language can place itself on the right side of the brain ascribable to the flexible relationship which exists between the two hemispheres. But although most cases- where language can develop as well in the right as in the left hemisphere- take place at a young age, we have not reached to a certain conclusion. Until now, there is no evidence that the brain cabbage to be flexible at an older state. For instance, there was the case of a woman above 50 years old, who suffered left hemisphere damage and managed to see until a stroke damaged her right side of the brain, too. Either the case, the point is that the right hemisphere of the brain has the ability to replace the linguistic function of the left hemisphere.The important contribution of the right hemisphere to language is an issue that surely can be further discussed, since research is carried out every day in order to reach a more solid view of what is happening in our brain. Nonetheless, I believe that all the cases men tioned above, give pretty clear evidence that the right side of the brain is not merely a silent viewer in terms of language. It plays an active role since we saw how it a) affects our understanding of the overall linguistic context, b) damage to it can cause inability to understand the prosodic features of language or even result in language impairment, c) lateralization can be switched in order to adapt to loss or damage. As far as language is concerned, the significance of the right side of the brain should not be overlooked, and we should understand that left hemisphere alone could not be sufficient in appropriate language production.ReferencesBeeman, M., Chiarello, C. (1998). Right Hemisphere LanguageComprehension Perspectives from cognitive Neuroscience. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=3zwOmRAc43gCprintsec=frontcoverdq=the+i mportance+of+right+hemisphere+to+languagehl=elcd=1v=onepageq=the%20i mportance%20of%20right%20hemisphere%20to%20languagef= spuriousCook, D. N. (2002). Tone of Voice and forefront. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=eE47oz78XhMCpg=PA32dq=jokes+and+RH+d amagehl=elcd=1v=onepageq=jokes%20and%20RH%20damagef=falseCoon, D., Mitterer, O. J. (2007). Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=V6EHmNCmEWQCpg=PA67dq=right+hemisp here+and+jokeshl=elcd=2v=onepageq=right%20hemisphere%20and%20jokes f=falseDeacon, T. (2003). Lateralization as Competition. In J. Field (Ed.), Psycholinguistics A resource book for students (p.155). fresh York Routledge. (Reprinted from The symbolicspecies, pp 311-315, 1997, London Penguin)Field, J. (2003). Language and the brain. In Psycholinguistics A resource book for students (p.7). New York Routledge.Molfese, L. D. Segalowitz, J. S. (1998). Brain Lateralization in Children Developmental Implications. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=un- AIyRU328Cpg=PA485dq=lateralization+and+jokeshl=elcd=2v=onepageqf= f alseMurdoch, E. B. (2010). Acquired Speech and DisordersA Neuroanatomical and Functional Neurological Approach. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=PplrjvH8Zb8Cpg=PT160dq=the+importance+ of+right+hemisphere+to+languagehl=elcd=2v=onepageq=the%20importance %20of%20right%20hemisphere%20to%20languagef=falseReynolds, R. C., Fletcher- Janzen E. (2009). Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=w1YrFypvmn8Cpg=PA775dq=lateralization+a nd+jokeshl=elcd=6v=onepageqf=falseSteinberg, D. D., Sciarini, V. N. (1993). An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=P5ZTXnzSCBYCpg=PA248dq=lateralization+ps ycholinguisticshl=elcd=4v=onepageq=lateralization%20psycholinguisticsf=fal seWoodruff- Pak, S. D. (1997). The Neuropsychology of Aging. Retrieved from http//books.google.com/books?id=qHLua6dOYvwCpg=PA147dq=lateralization+a nd+jokeshl=elcd=3v=onepageq=lateralization%20and%20jokesf=false

The Education Structure Of Two Countries Education Essay

The Education Structure Of Two Countries Education EssayEducation and training piece sense of responsibility to the community and countryTo do the tasks mentioned above, the education agency to help children discoer their unique talents, aware of all potential and develop vehemence for scholarship throughout life. The main reason that education is the basis of all nations, root of all skilled, educational development will be synonymous with frugal development and prosperity of the country. I will compare and contrast the similar and different types of education in my country Vietnam and education of the country that currently I am studying in the USA.The education structure of 2 countries is quite similar elementary school, snatchary school, high school, university and some courses after refine in university. Elementary school (from 5-10 historic period old) Six years or up in age, children in the kindergarten and usually sodding(a) elementary school level in ordain five o r six classes. The school year is called class. Middle school (from 11-13 years old) two or three years, depending on the school governance , Also known as secondary school . At age five, children often learn a kindergarten and then in grade 1 to grade 6 in primary schools. Grade 7 to grade 9 is held in a high school separate facility, also known as secondary schools. Curriculum is focused on major studies such as math, science, literature, history and language, as well as historical and educational subjects on objects and the environment. contiguous is high school, we know that its from grade 10 to grade 12. At this point, students can usually choose the subjects to choose from the different areas. Graduate students in the U.S. gold will invite passed the exam in the country called the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test). However, international students often just prove proficiency in English with a TOEFL score. The high school level, education in Vietnam turn up more difficult, re latively large amount of knowledge along with the rules, regulations, examinations rigorous. Vietnam grade students 10 to 12 proved better intimately the theory of natural subjects, as well as society but lacks of practical and physical. Also in contrast, in the U.S., students are clear more to the fact, to participate in experiments such as physics, chemistry, biology, along with the many sports activities are included in order to help students develop more comprehensive.I believe that differences as clear as possible to the university courses, colleges, and courses after graduation such as masters, doctorate. So this is the reason that I choose go to the US to study in university and non Vietnam. In general, the system of postsecondary schools are classified into five American type Vocational School, Community College, Public University, Private University, bad Arts College. That is the point so different from education in Vietnam. System of vocational schools is few and almos t not considered important, along with private universities are not high quality but very expensive fees. University type of public goodly quality is required exam too hard and strict, while the formula type of school just to have poor quality students. But in compare, Vietnamese students are very curious and hard, so should the students pass difficulties and learning in schools even that school is not good , they still become successful. Anyway to catch up the speed of development with the world, Vietnam has been somewhat more anxiety to the important residential schools gifted as music, painting, film, photography, with attention also to the quality rather than quantity of teaching .I will say more about this issue to see clearly the difference. Usually the American education system, including 12 first year undergraduate school. Thus an international student can complete 12 years of upper secondary school before going to school in America. This is a very good opportunity for fo reign students interchangeable me to be trained in the US. This most prominent of the education system is the most American presidents, prime minister and other leaders, research has advanced U.S. degrees and graduate or postgraduate study in the education system U.S. American education system is the sum of universities world-renowned academic programs which have reached its peak with the most groundbreaking in the world. American education system is a typical characteristic is the number of foreign students is very high. Almost all classes, schools, the number of international students broadsheet for more than half to the east. Environment for international students is also very rich in culture, foreign languages and people. Not where you will see the number of foreign intellectuals as large as in the U.S. The international students can attend school in the university obtained a 2-year-associate degree or obtained a four year-bachelors degree. Although most universities in four years for students accepted into the majors but not selected to the second year all students must be informed and choose their majors. The students finished second in the certificate may go forward to study at the school in four years and obtained the certificate in four college graduates. Students achieve affidavit 4-year college graduates can continue to study for a certificate or Masters Degree doctoral Degree. Certificate is a Masters Degree with two years of service for intensive training in a specific field. Students can get into training programs master if they have a university degree in the field. However, thither are many exceptions, such as an MBA (master of business administration) students do not need to graduate with a degree in business administration. Students can continue to improve the knowledge and intensive research on a narrow sector can participate in any training program Doctoral Degree (PhD). A college student with a 4-year college graduates can not achieve sufficient depth career, so they are often studied by the higher(prenominal) level as a masters degree or PhD degree. For example, if a person want to economists at the level of local authorities, he or she should have a master, and if want to teach economics at a university is required by the PhD. In addition, some subjects in depth study level simply high school, such as law, medicine, dental school of the masters program and doctoral. Completely opposite, in Vietnam, of course masters or doctoral not good and not very much. However, as the initial step should be acceptable. And this is also the weaknesses of education in my country, where very few masters doctorate trained in Vietnam. often they are scholarship to study and train abroad. But I hope that this will be the foundation for future development of education over Vietnam when these people have experience, qualifications, they will help the young generation, helping to develop education.

Sight in Cathedral Essays -- Literary Review

Vision is something many people take for granted every day. Society only deals with the matter of being screen if they are the less gilt ones. According to the Braille Institute, every seven minutes a person in the United States loses their mountain, often as part of the aging process (1). only if two percent of legally blind people use a guide dog and thirty-five percent use a white cane. cecity can be caused from various different types of things including (in order) age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related cataracts. (Braille 1). However being blind does not mean a person is in total darkness. near people can see lights and the shapes of objects, but the most import thing is for family and friends to provide hope and encouragement. The last thing a person who has lost their sight wants is to lose their family and support, which will led to loneliness. Likewise, in the short novel Cathedral, by Raymond Carvers, blindness is the key elem ent in the story and shows in detail how the characters get along it. The theme Carver conveys in the short story is being able to see without sight and is revealed through the characters, tone and plot of the story. The theme in the story of being able to see without sight is revealed through the characters in the story Cathedral. The husband is very judgmental, self-centered and shows a lack of knowledge about blind people. This is obvious when he states, My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind move slowly and never laugh (1152). The husband is so quick to judge and thinks he already knows everything about blind people and how they are, so he makes it clear he was not looking forward to the blind man being in his house ... ...d the blind experience and it was like Robert was no longer the blind person in the house (Caldwell 3). As a result, this shows him the way to gaining a bankrupt understanding of his own self worth and heal from pass hurts by ex periencing the transcendent of nature of life.Works CitedAkers, Tim. Overview Cathedral. Short Stories for Students 6 (1999) 1-2. Literature Resource Center. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.Braille Institute Empowering visually impaired people to live fulfilling lives. Braille Institute. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010Caldwell, Tracey. Raymond Carvers Cathedral. Literary Contents in Short Stories (2006) 1-8. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5 Nov. 2010Carver, Raymond. Cathedral. Exploring Literature Writing and Arguing About Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and the Essay. Ed. Frank Madden. 4th ed. New York Pearson Longman, 2009. 1151-61. Print

Measure for Measure Essay: The Virtuous Isabella -- Measure for Measur

The Virtuous Isabella in cadency for Measure Measure for Measure is not a celebration of family values, the play points towards both the political virtuosity, which sustains the comic, and the humbler self-knowledge that preserves the integrity of the virtuoso. Human virtue can only be chosen in freedom, but we need not deny ourselves the hazard of ensuring that this choice is not stifled by the subtly related powers of abstract intellectualism and carnal necessity Isabella in Measure for Measure personifies innocent virtue. Isabella offers an example of the highest manageable character since she will not sacrifice her own honor or her brothers in order to exempt her brothers life. She holds strong convictions as far as her moral philosophy are concerned, and considers her own soul and salvation. Pure intelligent beautiful, her outer beauty a reflection of her inner purity loving, hers is an untested virtue that withstands the ultimate run as shown in her appeal for mercy to wards Angelo whom she believes to have ordered the execution of her brother. This action overcomes the questions aroused about her character when she is unwilling to sacrifice her virtue to save her brothers life. To finally allay all doubt as to how Isabella is measured, the Dukes proposal at the end of the play stands as proof she has passed the test. Isabella understands her chastity in a itinerary that is largely similar to Angelos austere virtue. We first meet her at the convent where she is about to become a nun, pleading for stricter restraint and discipline in an order already notorious for its austerity. Once she has taken her final vows, she will no longer be able to hold normal conversation with men If yo... ...to plague and penalize us. Shakespeares Isabella is portrayed as an upright young woman who remains true to her ideals. In human relationships ideals can be found out of line when in opposition to anothers ideals, but this does not lessen Isabellas virtuous character in the least. Works Cited and Consulted Knight, G. Wilson. The Wheel of Fire Essays in Interpretation of Shakespeares Sombre Tragedies. London Oxford UP, 1930. Leech, Clifford. The Meaning of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare Survey 3 1950 Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns and Other Shakespeare Lectures. Ed. Graham Storey. London Longmans, Green, 1961. Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. 1969. Baltimore Penguin, 1971. http//www.online-literature.com/view.php/measure/4?term=isabella